BELIZE: NATIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (ENGLISH), 1990-1999 This file was originally compiled in 1995-96, and was composed of bibliographic records for 1990-94. In 1997 the file was updated through 1995; in 1998 updated through 1996; in 1999 updated through 1997; in 2000 updated through 1998; and in 2001 updated through 1999. The file may be searched by keyword using the "Find" feature of your Web browser. A record may appear both in this file and in the Central America regional file if the item was assigned both types of cataloguing terms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table of Contents Databases Tulane University Library Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) H.W. Wilson Periodicals Databases (Wilson) Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS) Hispanic American Periodicals Index (HAPI) Handbook of Latin American Studies (HLAS) Dissertation Abstracts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- OPAC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ACCESSION NO.: AAG9821999 TITLE: SUBSISTENCE DIGGING IN AND AROUND BELIZE (ARTIFACT LOOTING, GRAVE ROBBERS) AUTHOR: MATSUDA, DAVID J. DEGREE: PH.D. YEAR: 1998 INSTITUTION: THE UNION INSTITUTE; 1033 SOURCE: DAI, VOL. 59-01A, Page 0222, 00144 Pages DESCRIPTORS: ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL; ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHAEOLOGY; HISTORY, LATIN AMERICAN ABSTRACT: My PDE is a regional study of huecheros, or subsistence diggers (also known as artifact looters) in and around Belize, and the socioeconomic value of subsistence _____________________________________________________________________________ Ancient Maya wetland agriculture: excavations on Albion Island, Northern Belize. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990. Mayas--Agriculture. Mayas--Antiquities. Indians of Central America--Belize--Albion Island Antiquities. Albion Island (Belize)--Antiquities. Hondo River Valley (Guatemala-Belize)--Antiquities. Belize--Antiquities. HT Latin American Library F1435.3.A37 A53 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Barry, Tom. Belize: a country guide. 2nd ed. Albuquerque: Inter- Hemispheric Education Resource Center, 1990. Belize. HT Latin American Library F1443 .B37 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Horwich, Robert H. A Belizean rain forest: the Community Baboon Sanctuary. 3rd ed. Gays Mills, WI: Orang-utan Press, <1990>. Howler monkeys--Behavior--Belize. Rain forests--Belize. Wildlife conservation--Belize. Wildlife refuges--Belize. HT Latin American Library QL 737 .P925 H70 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ras Head. The best of "Ras Head": 30 cartoons from "The Belize times" 1986-1989. . Caricatures and cartoons--Belize. Belize--Politics and government--Caricatures and cartoons. HT Latin American Library F 1443.4 .R38 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Constitution: as updated to September, 1990. (Belize: Government Printery). Belize--Constitution. HT Latin American Library KGA 2914 1981 .A2 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilk, Richard R. Ethnic minorities in Belize: Mopan, Kekchi and Garifuna. Belize City, Belize: SPEAR, 1990. Minorities--Belize. Mopan Indians. Kekchi Indians. Black Carib Indians. Indians of Central America--Belize. Belize--Ethnic relations. HT Latin American Library F 1445 .W54 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ashdown, Peter. Garveyism in Belize. : Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions, 1990. Garvey, Marcus, 1887-1940. Universal Negro Improvement Association. Black nationalism--Belize. HOWARD-TILTON Stacks F1446.3 .A84 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How we are governed. : Government Information Service, c1990. Belize--Politics and government. HT Latin American Library JL 672 .H68 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fernandez, Barbara. Medicine woman: (the herbal tradition of Belize). Belize City, Belize: National Library Service, 1990. Herbs--Therapeutic use. Botany, Medical--Belize. Materia medica, Vegetable--Belize. HT Latin American Library RM666.H33 F47 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ferguson, William M. Mesoamerica's ancient cities: aerial views of precolumbian ruins in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 1990. Indians of Mexico--Antiquities--Aerial photographs. Indians of Central America--Antiquities--Aerial photographs. Mexico--Antiquities--Aerial photographs. Central America--Antiquities--Aerial photographs. HT Latin American Library F1219 .F35 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nembhard, Jessica Gordon. The nation we are making. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Published by Cubola Productions for Ministry of Education, 1990. Belize--History--Juvenile literature. HT Latin American Library F 1443.2 .N46 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Polarization and capital relocation in Belize: case studies in urban development and planning. Hamburg: Wayasbah, 1990. Decentralization in government--Belize. HT Latin American Library JL675 .D42 P65 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Muhammad, Sakinah Carol. Rain lover. , c1990. HOWARD-TILTON Stacks PR 9280.9.M83 R34 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Whatmore, Mark. The real guide. Guatemala and Belize. New York: Prentice Hall Press, c1990. Guatemala--Description and travel--1981---Guide-books. Belize--Description and travel--1981---Guide-books. HT Latin American Library F1463.6 .W48 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Snakes of Belize. Belize City (29 Regent St., PO Box 1001, Belize City): The Society, 1990. Snakes--Belize. HT Latin American Library QL 666 .O6 S67 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Palacio, Joseph O. Socioeconomic integration of Central American immigrants in Belize. Belize City, Belize: SPEAR, 1990. Immigrants--Belize--Economic conditions. Immigrants--Belize--Social conditions. Central Americans--Belize. HT Latin American Library JV 7347 .P34 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Studies on Belize Conference (3rd: 1989: Belize City, Belize). Third annual Studies on Belize Conference. : Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions, 1990. Belize--Congresses. Belize--Social conditions--Congresses. HT Latin American Library F 1446.3 .S78 1989 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Voices of Belizean children. Belmopan, Belize: UNICEF-Belize, Ministry of Education, 1990. Belizean poetry (English) Children--Belize--Poetry. Children's writings. HT Latin American Library PR 9280.6 .V65 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mallan, Chicki. Yucatan handbook. 3rd ed. Chico, Ca.: Moon Publications, c1990. Yucatan Peninsula--Description and travel--1981---Guide-books. Belize--Description and travel--1981---Guide-books. HT Latin American Library F1376 .M28 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- King, Emory. Belize 1798, the road to glory: the battle of St. George's Caye: a novel history of Belize. Belize City, Belize: Tropical Books, c1991. Belize--History--Fiction. HOWARD-TILTON Stacks PR 9289.9 .K56 B45 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Craig, Meg. Characters & caricatures in Belizean folklore. : Belize UNESCO Commission, c1991. Folklore--Belize. HT Latin American Library GR 118 .B4 C43 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cuello: an early Maya community in Belize. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Mayas--Antiquities. Cuello Site (Belize) HT Latin American Library F1435.1.C84 C84 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Education in Belize: toward the year 2000. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: SPEAR, 1991. Education--Belize--Congresses. Educational evaluation--Belize--Congresses. HT Latin American Library LA 441 .E36 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Studies on Belize Conference (4th: 1990: Belize City, Belize). Fourth annual Studies on Belize Conference. : Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions, 1991. Belize--Congresses. Belize--Social conditions--Congresses. HT Latin American Library F 1446.3 .S78 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilk, Richard R. Household ecology: economic change and domestic life among the Kekchi Maya in Belize. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, c1991. Kekchi Indians--Economic conditions. Kekchi Indians--Social conditions. Indians of Central America--Belize--Economic conditions. Indians of Central America--Belize--Social conditions. HT Latin American Library F1465.2.K5 W55 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maya settlement in northwestern Belize: the 1988 and 1990 seasons of the Rio Bravo Archaeological Project. San Antonio, Tex.: Maya Research Program: Culver City, CA: Labyrinthos, 1991. Mayas--Antiquities. Mayas--City planning. Land settlement patterns--Belize. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Belize--Antiquities. HT Latin American Library F 1445 .M45 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Young, Colville N. PatakI full: seven Belizean short stories. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions, 1991. HOWARD-TILTON Stacks PR 9280.9 .Y68 P3 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pioneer years in Belize. Belize City, Belize: G.S. Koop, c1991. Mennonite Kleine Gemeinde--History. Mennonites--Belize--History. Russian Germans--Belize--History. Frontier and pioneer life--Belize. Immigrants--Belize--History. Belize--Emigration and immigration--History. Mexico--Emigration and immigration--History. HT Latin American Library F 1457 .M45 B413 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brosnahan, Tom. La Ruta Maya--Yucatan, Guatemala & Belize: a travel survival guide. Berkeley: Lonely Planet Publications, 1991. Mayas--Antiquities--Guide-books. Yucatan Peninsula--Description and travel. Guatemala--Description and travel. Belize--Description and travel. HT Latin American Library F1376 .B86 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shots from the heart: three young Belizean poets: Yasser Musa, Kiren Shoman, Simone Waight. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize: Cubola Productions, 1991. Belizean poetry (English)--20th century. HOWARD-TILTON Stacks PR 9280.6 .S46 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chase, Arlen F. Three terminal classic monuments from Caracol, Belize. Washington: Center for Maya Research, <1991>. Mayas--Writing. Mayas--Antiquities. Caracol Site (Belize) El Mirador Site (Guatemala) HT Latin American F 1435.3 .P6 R47 no.36-37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stone, Michael Cutler. Towards an agenda: refugees, immigration, and national development in Belize. San Jose, Costa Rica: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Area de Promocion y Asistencia a ONG, Programa para Refugiados, Repatriados y Desplazados, c1991. Refugees--Central America. Refugees--Belize. Belize--Emigration and immigration. HT Latin American Library HV 640.4 .B42 S86 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- McKillop, Heather Irene. Wild Cane Cay: an insular classic period to postclassic period Maya trading station. Ann Arbor: U.M.I. Dissertation Information Service, 1991. Mayas--Antiquities. Wild Cane Cay Site (Belize). Belize--Antiquities. HT Latin American Library F 1435.1 .W5 M3 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Indirect Rule and the Alcalde System among the Garifuna in Belize. Belizean Studies v.21 no.3 (Feb 94), pp. 13-25. Community organization--Belize Carib Indians Indians of Central America--Government relations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Citrus, strategy, and class: the politics of development in Southern Belize. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1992. Citrus fruit industry--Belize--Stann Creek. Stann Creek (Belize)--Rural conditions. HT Latin American Library HN 129 .S73 M63 1992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Canby, Peter. The heart of the sky: travels among the Maya. New York: HarperCollins, c1992. Mayas. Mexico--Description and travel--1981- Guatemala--Description and travel--1981- HT Latin American Library F 1435 .C3155 1992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arvigo, Rosita. Panti Maya Medicine Trail field guide. San Ignacio, Cayo, Belize: Ix Chel Tropical Research Foundation, Ltd., c1992. Medicinal plants--Belize--Guidebooks. Panti Maya Medicine Trail--Guidebooks. HT Latin American Library QK 99 .B4 A795 1992 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Telecommunications, radio communications between amateur stations on behalf of third parties: agreement between the United States of America and Belize, effected by exchange of notes dated at Belmopan and Belize, May 3 and 23, 1984. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1992?>. Telecommunication--Law and legislation--Belize. Telecommunication--Law and legislation--United States. Government Docs. S 9.10:11198 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Telecommunications, radio relay station: agreement between the United States of America and Belize, signed at Belize September 20, 1984. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1992?>. Radio relay systems--Law and legislation--Belize. Radio relay systems--Law and legislation--United States. Government Docs. S 9.10:11199 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clio Press, c1993. : 1 map ; 23 cm. Belize--Bibliography. HT LAL (reference) Z 1441 .B4 1993 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ball, Joseph W. Cahal Pech, the ancient Maya, and modern Belize: the story of an archaeological park. San Diego: San Diego State University Press, c1993. Mayas--Antiquities. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize--Cayo District. Tourist trade--Belize. Cahal Pech Site (Belize) Belize--Antiquities. Cayo District (Belize)--Antiquities. HT Latin American Library F 1445.1 .C3 B35 1993 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Defense: agreement between the United States of America and Belize, effected by exchange of notes, dated at Belize and Belmopan, August 6 and 23, 1990. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1993?>. Military bases, American--Belize. Government Docs. S 9.10:11743 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Health: memorandum of understanding between the United States of America and Belize, signed at Belmopan December 12, 1989. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1993?> Health--International cooperation. United States--Foreign relations--Belize. Mexico--Foreign relations--United States. Government Docs. S 9.10:11729 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Harris, Richard. The Maya Route: the ultimate guidebook. Berkeley: Ulysses Press, c1993. Mayas--Antiquities--Guidebooks. Yucatan Peninsula--Guidebooks. Guatemala--Guidebooks. Belize--Guidebooks. Yucatan Peninsula--Antiquities--Guidebooks. HT Latin American Library F 1376 .H37 1993 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Narcotic drugs: agreement between the United States of America and Belize, signed at Belmopan February 9, 1989. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1993?>. Narcotics, Control of--Belize. Narcotics, Control of--United States. Government Docs. S 9.10:11600 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Postal, express mail service: agreement, with detailed regulations, between the United States of America and Belize, signed at Belize and Washington October 28 and November 13, 1992. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1994?>. Postal service--Law and legislation--United States. Postal service--Law and legislation--Belize. Postal service--International cooperation. Government Docs. S 9.10:11906 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schueler, Donald G. The Temple of the Jaguar: travels in the Yucatan. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1993. Yucatan Peninsula--Description and travel. Belize--Description and travel. HT Latin American Library F 1376 .S4865 1993 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Marcus, Linda C. English influence on Belize and the Peten region of northern Guatemala, 1630 to 1763. 1990. Belize--History. Guatemala--History--To 1821. Belize--English influences. Guatemala--English influences. HT Latin American Library F 1447 .M37 1990a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Maritime counter-drug operations: agreement between the United States of America and Belize, signed at Belmopan December 23, 1992. Washington: Dept. of State: For sale by the Supt. of Docs., G.P.O., <1994?>. Narcotics, Control of--United States. Narcotics, Control of--Belize. Maritime law--International cooperation. Government Docs. S 9.10:11914 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Arvigo, Rosita. Sastun: my apprenticeship with a Maya healer. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, c1994. Mayas--Ethnobotany. Mayas--Medicine. Traditional medicine--Belize--Cayo District. Ethnobotany--Belize--Cayo District. Healers--Belize--Cayo District. Medicinal plants--Belize--Cayo District. Rain forest ecology--Belize--Cayo District. HT Latin American Library F 1435.3 .E74 A79 1994 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jaeger, Susan Elizabeth. Settlement pattern research at Caracol, Belize: the social organization in a classic period Maya Site. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1994. HT Latin American Library F1435.1 .C37 J33 1991a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize: agricultural sector study. San José, Costa Rica: Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), 1995. Agriculture--Economic aspects--Belize. Agriculture and state--Belize. Agricultural industries--Belize. Natural resources--Belize. HT Latin American Library HD1800.5 .Z8 B3 1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ McCalla, Winston. Compendium on environmental protection and natural resource management legislation in Belize. Belmopan: Dept. of the Environment, Ministry of Tourism and Environment, 1995. Environmental law--Belize. Natural resources--Law and legislation--Belize. Environmental protection--Belize. Conservation of natural resources--Law and legislation--Belize. HT Latin American Library KGA 3305 .A29 1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Export Caribbean: a guide to doing business in the Caribbean: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, International Trade Administration, 1995? Exports--United States--Handbooks, manuals, etc. United States--Commerce--Caribbean Area--Handbooks, manuals, etc. Caribbean Area--Commerce--United States--Handbooks, manuals, etc. Government Docs.C 61.8:C 19/4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Barry, Tom. Inside Belize. 2nd ed. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Resource Center Press, c1995. Belize--Politics and government. Belize--Economic conditions. Belize--Social conditions. HT Latin American Library F 1443 .B375 1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Young, Colville N. Language and education in Belize. 2nd ed., new rev. ed. Belize City: C.N. Young, 1995. Creole dialects, English--Belize. Education--Belize. HT Latin American Library PM 7874 .B44 Y6 1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maya maritime trade, settlement, and populations on Ambergris Caye, Belize. San Antonio, Texas: Maya Research Program; Lancaster, Calif.: Labyrinthos, 1995. Mayas--Antiquities. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize--Ambergris Cay. Ambergris Cay (Belize)--Antiquities. HT Latin American Library F 1445 .M43 1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The right to a future: a situation analysis of children in Belize. The National Committee for Families and Children: UNICEF Belize, 1995. Children--Belize--Health and hygiene. Children--Belize--Social conditions. Children--Belize--Services for. HT Latin American Library HQ 792 .B42 R53 1995 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize : selected proceedings from the second interdisciplinary conference. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, c1996. CONTENTS: Predicting the past and preserving it for the future: modeling and management of ancient Maya residential sites / Scott L. Fedick -- Viragoes, victims, and volunteers: creole female political cultures and gendered state policy in 19th century Belize / Anne S. Macpherson -- Population and ethnicity of Belize, 1861 / Michael A. Camille -- A history of banking in Belize / Anthony A. Gabb -- National sovereignty as an element of international jurisprudence: a case study, the quest of Belizean separation from Guatemalan dominion / Donald C. Simmons, Jr. -- The festival of arts: Bitish Honduran, Belizean, and national / Michael D. Phillips -- The influence of English on the Spanish language of Belize / Timothy W. Hagerty -- British patriarchy and female adolescence: father and daughter in Beka Lamb / Mary Gomez Parham -- Can nationalism survive the ethnic revival?: the Belizean situation / Bruce Ergood -– International migration and the ruralization of Belize, 1970-1991 / Louis A. Woods, et al. Belize--Congresses. HT Latin American Library F 1441.3 .B45 1996 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Peñalosa, Fernando. The Mayan folktale: an introduction. Rancho Palos Verdes, CA: Yax Te' Press, 1996. Tales--Mexico--Classification. Tales--Guatemala--Classification. Tales--Belize--Classification. Oral tradition--Mexico--Classification. Oral tradition--Guatemala--Classification. Oral tradition--Belize--Classification. HT Latin American Library F 1435.3 .F6 P452 1996 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ McClaurin, Irma. Women of Belize: gender and change in Central America. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1996. Women--Belize--Social conditions. HT Latin American Library HQ 1470.5 .M33 1996 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maya atlas: the struggle to preserve Maya land in southern Belize. Compiled by the Maya people of southern Belize, in conjunction with the Toledo Maya Cultural Council and the Toledo Alcaldes Association; with the assistance of Indian Law Resource Center, GeoMap Group, UC Berkeley, and Society for the Preservation of Education and Research. Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books; [Emeryville, Calif.]: [Distributed by Publishers Group West], c1997. 1 atlas (xi, 154 p.): ill. (some col.), col. maps; 28 cm. Mayas--Belize--Maps. Mayas--Land tenure--Maps. Mayas--Government relations--Maps Mayas--Social life and customs--Maps. Covers human, natural, and cultural resources, history, rainforest management, and current problems in Maya lands. Data collected and mapped by Mayans of the Mopan and Kekchi villages of the Toledo and Stann Creek Districts. HT Latin American Library G 1561 .E1 T6 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mahler, Richard; Wotkyns, Steele; photography by Kevin Schafer. Belize: adventures in nature. Santa Fe, N.M.: J. Muir Publications; Emeryville, Calif.: Distributed by Publishers Group West, c1997. Includes bibliographical references (p. 368-373) and index. 384 p., [8] p. of plates: ill. (some col.), maps; 22 cm. Natural history--Belize--Guidebooks. Outdoor recreation--Belize--Guidebooks. Belize--Guidebooks. HT Latin American Library F 1443.5 .M34 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hoare, Anna Dominguez. The Belizean environment and me. [Belize: s.n.], 1997. xi, 295 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 253-256). Environmental education--Activity programs--Belize. Environmental sciences--Study and teaching--Activity programs--Belize. Environmental protection--Study and teaching--Activity programs--Belize. HT Latin American Library GE 90 .B42 H63 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ellis, Godsman. The Garinagu of Belize. San Ignacio, Cayo District, Belize: Haman Belize, [1997]. 1 v. (unpaged); 22 cm. Includes bibliographical references. Black Carib Indians--History--Juvenile literature. Black Carib Indians--Belize--Juvenile literature. HT Latin American Library F 1505.2 .C3 E44 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Myths of ethnicity and nation: immigration, work, and identity in the Belize banana industry. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, c1997. xxxvi, 218 p.: ill., maps; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-211) and index. Banana trade--Belize--History. Banana trade--Belize--Employees--History. Agricultural laborers--Belize--History. Alien labor--Belize--History. Belize--Ethnic relations. HT Latin American Library HD 9259 .B3 B426 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Conroy, Richard Timothy. Our man in Belize. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997. ix, 340 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Conroy, Richard Timothy. Belize--Social life and customs. Belize--History. HT Latin American Library F 1443.8 .C68 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Forbes, Steven, b. 1766 or 7. The Baymen of Belize and how they wrested British Honduras from the Spaniards / told by one of them, Steven Forbes; and edited by E.W. Williams. "Compiled from material researched by Stephen Fairweather." Originally published: London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1914. [Miami, Fla.?: S. Fairweather, 1997]. 217, 77 p.: ill., maps; 19 cm. Belize--History--18th century. St. George's Cay (Belize)--History. HT Latin American Library F 1447 .F67 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musa, Said. Address by Hon. Said W. Musa Prime Minister, Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs of Belize to the 53rd regular session of the United Nations General Assembly, 28th Septeber, 1998. [Belmopan, Belize: Belize Information Service, 1998]. United Nations. General Assembly Organization of American States. Speeches, addresses, etc., English--Belize. Belize--Foreign relations. HT Latin American Library In Process ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Campbell, Jonathan A. Amphibians and reptiles of northern Guatemala, the Yucatán, and Belize. Norman: University Of Oklahoma Press, c1998. Reptiles--Guatemala--Petén (Dept.) Reptiles--Yucatán Peninsula. Reptiles--Belize. Amphibians--Guatemala--Petén (Dept.) Amphibians--Yucatán Peninsula. Amphibians--Belize. HT Science-Engineering QL 656 .G9 C35 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Battle of St. George's Caye, bi-centennial souvenir booklet, 1798-1998 : Belize, historic past, glorious future. Belize: Bel-Caribé Production, 1998. Saint George's Cay (Belize), Battle of, 1798. Saint George's Cay (Belize), Battle of, 1798--Anniversaries, etc. Saint George's Cay (Belize), Battle of, 1798--Centennial celebrations, etc. HT Latin American Library F 1447 .B38 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. Laws, etc. (Laws of Belize). Customs tariff and trade classification. [Belmopan, Belize?: Ministry of Finance?, 1998]. "First schedule, effective 1st April, 1998." "Chapter 38." Tariff--Law and legislation--Belize. Tariff--Belize. Tariff--Belize--Terminology and classification. HT Latin American Library KGA 4804.3 1996 .A14 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The environment of Belize, our life support system / [written by Kimo Jolly and Ellen McRae]. Benque Viejo del Carmen, Belize, C.A. : Cubola Productions, 1998. Ecology--Belize. Ecology. Nature conservation--Belize. HT Latin American Library QH 108 .B43 J65 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The future of El Pilar [microform]: the integrated research & development plan for the El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya Flora and Fauna, Belize-Guatemala: results of the the Mesa Redonda El Pilar, Mexico City, January 1997 = Visión futura de El Pilar: plan integrado de investigación y desarrollo de la Reserva Arqueológica El Pilar para la Flora y Fauna Mayas, Belice-Guatemala: de acuerdo a la Mesa Redonda El Pilar, Ciudad de México, Enero 1997 / sponsored by Ford Foundation, Tropical Ecosystems Directorate of the U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program, World Monument Watch; edited by Anabel Ford. [Washington, D.C.?]: Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs; Springfield, Va.: Available from the National Technical Information Service, [1998]. Archaeological parks--Belize--Congresses. Environmental archaeology--Belize--Congresses. Archaeological parks--Guatemala--Congresses. Environmental archaeology--Guatemala--Congresses. Belize--Antiquities--Congresses. Guatemala--Antiquities--Congresses. HT Government Documents S 1.2:P 64 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Steinberg, Michael K. Mopan Maya forest reserves in southern Belize. The Geographical Review v. 88 no1 (Jan. 1998) p. 131-7. Mopan Indians. Forest management--Belize. Lumber industry--Environmental aspects. Forest reserves--Belize. Mayas--Land tenure. Indians of Central America--Belize--Hunting. Abstract: The writer discusses the Mopan Maya forest resources of southern Belize. Tensions are mounting as the Mopan argue with the central government over access to, management of, and control over the lands they use. The inability of the Mopan to have any input into logging in the region demonstrates to them how little legal control they have over the lands they use. Logging limits the cultural-ecological choices of the Mopan, and it threatens the medicinal plants, wild fruits, game animals, and the genetic heritage of the lands they hav southern Belize. Tensions are mounting as the Mopan argue with the central government over access to, management of, and control over the lands they use. The inability of the Mopan to have any input into logging in the region demonstrates to them how little legal control they have over the lands they use. Logging limits the cultural-ecological choices of the Mopan, and it threatens the medicinal plants, wild fruits, game animals, and the genetic heritage of the lands they have used for thousands of years. HT Stacks 910.5 G345 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Verbeeck, Lieve. Linguistic acculturation in Mopan Maya: a study of language change in Belizan Mopan due to Spanish and English culture and language contact. München: LINCOM EUROPA, 1998. Mopan dialect--Foreign elements--Spanish. Spanish language--Influence on Mopan dialect. Mopan dialect--Foreign elements--English. English language--Influence on Mopan dialect. Languages in contact--Belize. Belize--Languages. HT Latin American Library PM 3969.5 .M65 V47 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- McCarthy, Timothy J. Mammals of Belize: a checklist; illustrations by Eustorgio Méndez; edited by Lydia Waight and Judy Lumb. Caye Caulker, Belize: Producciones de la Hamaca, 1998. "Published for the Belize Audubon Society" Mammals--Belize. HT Latin American Library QL 723 .B42 M38 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Iyo, Joe. An oral history of land, property and real estate development in Belize City (1961-1997). Belize, C.A.: University College of Belize Press, 1998. Real estate development--Belize--Belize City--History--20th century. Real estate developers--Belize--Belize City. Belize City (Belize)--History--20th century. HT Latin American Library HD 340 .B45 I96 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Assembly of Civil Society (1997: San Ignacio, Belize). The peoples' manifesto--century 21: an agenda by the people to inform the next general elections and to guide Belize into the next century / prepared by civil society organizations at the 2nd Assembly of Civil Society, Cahal Pech Tavern, Cayo District, 12-13th December, 1997. [San Ignacio, Belize?: The Assembly, 1998] Political participation--Belize. Political planning--Belize--Citizen participation. Belize--Politics and government. HT Latin American Library In Process ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize. [Treaties, etc. United States, 1996 Oct. 3] Treaty with Belize for return of stolen vehicles: message from the President of the United States transmitting treaty between the government of the United States of America and the government of Belize for the return of stolen vehicles, with annexes and protocol, signed at Belmopan on October 3, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998. Automobile theft--United States. Automobile theft--Belize. HT Government Documents Y 1.1/4:105-54 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The white minority in the Caribbean / edited by Howard Johnson and Karl Watson. Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener Pub., 1998. Whites--West Indies--History. Whites--Belize--History. Whites--Guyana--History. Whites--West Indies--Ethnic identity. Social classes--West Indies--History. West Indies--History. West Indies--Race relations. HT Latin American Library F 1629 .W47 W5 1998 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- WILSON ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ancient Maya subsistence diveristy: root and tuber remains from Cuello, Belize. Antiquity v. 68 (June '94) p. 330-35. Plant remains (Archaeology). Mayas--Food. Root crops. Cuello site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pilgrimage's last mile: late Maya monument veneration at La Milpa, Belize. World Archaeology v. 26 (June '94) p. 19-34. Stele (Archaeology). Mayas--Religion and mythology. Pilgrims and pilgrimages. La Milpa site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wheat, Sue. Taming tourism. The Geographical Magazine v. 66 (Apr. '94) p. 16-19. ABSTRACT: The tourism industry, governments, and local communities must work together to counter the cultural and environmental damage that is occurring from the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting environmentally rich countries. Ecotourism, the fastest-growing sector in the tourism industry, represents a niche market for tourists who are interested in the environment and nature. The small Central American state of Belize is probably the world's most famous ecotourist destination. As its fragile natural environment is being threatened by mass tourism, a number of conservation initiatives are being encouraged. Community-based projects have been introduced in areas such as southern Belize and Zimbabwe to overcome another hidden cost of tourism, the exploitation of local communities and indigenous populations. The World Travel and Tourism Council believes that voluntary codes of conduct are the best way to ensure environmental protection. Tourist trade--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hoffman, Eric. Portrait of the rainforest. Wildlife Conservation v. 97 (May/June '94) p. 56-63. ABSTRACT: A photoessay of the rainforests in Belize and Borneo is presented. The pictures were taken by Frans Lanting, one of the top nature photographers in the world. Nature photography. Rain forests. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pondering "parks vs. people" in Belize. Americas v. 46 (Mar./Apr. '94) p. 2-3. ABSTRACT: Belize, which has combined its tourism and environmental protection portfolios into one ministry, seems to hold great promise for ecotourism. Huge tracts of land have been set aside to protect jaguars and other endangered species. Now, a new nonprofit association called the Friends of Five Blues National Park is designing a community-based ecotourism policy for the country's recently established national park at Five Blues Lake. The association has encountered conflicts, however, which reflect the ecotourism industry's perhaps inevitable contradiction between economic development and nature conservation. Efforts to shift from consumptive use to sustainable use of forest resources face challenges from rapid population growth, wide unemployment, and low farm prices. Tourist trade--Belize. Ecotourism. Five Blues National Park (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dold, Catherine A. Medicinal plants get sanctuary in rain forest. New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Apr. 19 '94) p. C4. ABSTRACT: A group of traditional healers is collaborating with the government of Belize, a small Central American country, to create a 6,000-acre sanctuary in the rain forest dedicated to the protection and use of medicinal plants. Belize's Terra Nova Forest Reserve, the world's first ethnobiomedical forest reserve, is intended to ensure that the plants and the healers who depend on them will flourish. Botany, Medical. Ethnobotany. Terra Nova Forest Reserve (Belize). Rain forests. Forests and forestry--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bower, Bruce. Maya beginnings extend back at Belize site. Science News v. 145 (Apr. 30 '94) p. 279. Archeology--Belize. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Passell, Peter. Paradise, ecologically corrected. New York Times Magazine (Feb. 13 '94) p. 60-1. ABSTRACT: Luxurious and ecologically correct Chan Chich Lodge is built on the ruins of a partly excavated Mayan city deep in the lowland rain forest of northwestern Belize in Central America. The lodge, whose grounds are sumptuously landscaped, with an emphasis on flowering shrubs that attract the 11 indigenous species of hummingbird, is the pride of Barry M. Bowen, a seventh-generation Belizean. Bowen leveraged the family brewery into a third-world mini- conglomerate that includes Belize's Coca-Cola franchise, Ford distributorship, and some 200 square miles of near-pristine jungle abutting Guatemala. The idea behind Chan Chich was to establish a sustainable presence that would give Belizeans the material incentives to preserve the fragile tropical forest and the equally fragile Mayan legacy. The lodge's main building, 12 bungalows, and furniture were constructed in local style with materials from the forest. Lodges. Resorts--Belize. Rain forests--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cohen, Laurie P. Kenneth Dart forsakes U.S. for Belize. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition) (Mar. 28 '94) p. C1. ABSTRACT: Billionaire investor and foam-cup tycoon Kenneth Dart has forsaken his U.S. citizenship and become a citizen of Belize, the tiny Caribbean country known for its status as a tax haven, according to people familiar with Dart's dealings. The secretive president of Dart Container is reportedly trying to avoid paying hefty U.S. taxes on his personal income. Dart Container Corp.--Officials. Tax avoidance. Expatriation. Tax havens--Belize. Dart, Kenneth. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tropical gallery forests. Research & Exploration v. 10 (Winter '94) p. 92-103. Forests and forestry--Belize. Fire ecology. Vegetation patterns. Forests and forestry--Venezuela. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Growth status of school-age Mayan children in Belize, Central America. American Journal of Physical Anthropology v. 93 (Feb. '94) p. 217-27. Children--Growth. Mayas--Anthropometry. Indians of Central America--Belize--Children. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Observations on crime reporting in a developing nation. Criminology v. 32 (Feb. '94) p. 135-48. Citizen crime reporting--Cross-cultural studies. Crime and criminals--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lucky day at Tiger Mound. Archaeology v. 47 (Jan./Feb. '94) p. 60-2. Mayas--Antiquities. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Tiger Mound (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White, Christine D. Intensive agriculture, social status, and Maya diet at Pacbitun, Belize. Journal of Anthropological Research v. 49 (Winter '93) p. 347-75. Mayas--Food. Diet--Belize--History. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Social status. Corn--Belize--History. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Selbert, Pamela. Pooling forces on a Belizean caye. Americas v. 45 (Nov./Dec. '93) p. 20-5. ABSTRACT: In 1960, Belizean lobster fisherman Orlando Carrasco of Caye Caulker created a cooperative that helped improve the fortunes of his country's fishermen. The Northern Fishermen's Coop started with 36 members who wanted to pool their work and protect their interests in the face of price wars incited by the foreign boats that came to Caye Caulker to buy lobster. Today it has more than 600 members and is the largest of the country's 9 fishermen's coops. It supplies almost 10 percent of the lobsters to Red Lobster, one of the United States' biggest seafood buyers. The Belize government has supported the coop by establishing guidelines, determining minimum size standards, creating a lobster season, and placing limits on the numbers that can be taken. Carrasco is worried about the future of Belize's lobster industry because many fishermen are ignoring the limits and diminishing the stock of lobsters. The article discusses the differences between rock lobster and maritime lobster. Red Lobster Inns of America. Northern Fishermen's Cooperative Ltd. Shellfish fisheries--Belize. Spiny lobsters. Carrasco, Orlando. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilford, John Noble. Archeologists wonder at a city that survived the Maya collapse. New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 5 '93) p. C1. ABSTRACT: Many of the grand cities of the classic Maya civilization were suddenly abandoned in the 9th century A.D., but others in the Central American lowlands continued to prosper. Xunantunich, in what is now Belize, remained a bustling center of art, religion, and culture for another 150-200 years. Warfare among rival city-states may have contributed to the undoing of some cities, but archeologists don't know why others were spared. Cities and towns, Ruined, extinct, etc. Archeology--Belize. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. Xunantunich (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bower, Bruce. Ancient Maya trade: tracing salty swaps. Science News v. 144 (Nov. 27 '93) p. 358-9. ABSTRACT: Underwater excavations off the coast of Belize have uncovered evidence that the Classic-era Maya produced salt from seawater more than 1,000 years ago, using it locally as well as trading it over short distances. The director of the underwater project, Heather McKillop of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, reported on her work in November 1993 at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association. She noted that the excavation had given evidence of the regional trade of salt from coastal to inland sites in southeastern Belize, a finding that casts doubt over other researchers' heavy emphasis on long-distance Maya trade. Other investigators exploring the remnants of Maya mountain settlements have found similar evidence of regional mineral trading. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. Archeology--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bower, Bruce. Oldest known Maya burials found in Belize. Science News v. 144 (Oct. 2 '93) p. 212-13. ABSTRACT: While excavating the ancient Maya village of Cuello in Belize, archaeologists uncovered the earliest known human burials from the Maya culture. According to Norman Hammond, the Boston University archaeologist who directed the excavation, the 5 individuals found lying side by side in a shallow grave may have belonged to the same family and probably died about the same time. The grave appeared in sediment layers that date to the earliest phase of occupation at Cuello, from 1200 B.C. to 900 B.C. After radiocarbon dating of the bones takes place at the University of Oxford in England, more precise dates should emerge. A report on the findings at Cuello will appear in Antiquity either later this year or in early 1994. Archeology--Belize. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Morrice, Susan. Discovery of a pull-apart basin may signal oil potential in Belize. Oil & Gas Journal v. 91 (Oct. 18 '93) p. 100-3. ABSTRACT: Belize Natural Resources (BNR), which initiated a multidisciplinary study to determine why no commercial oil and gas reserves had been discovered off of Belize, believes that it has discovered a new geological setting called the Gladden pull-apart basin that has not been penetrated by offshore wells. After constructing a meaningful model of hydrocarbon accumulation within the Gladden pull-apart basin, BNR concluded that the basin is a newly-defined, undiscovered pull-apart basin that has remained tectonically quiet since the Early Tertiary, enabling the generated hydrocarbons to stay in place; that the presence of a hydrocarbon charge and migration timing are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation; that 10 sizable structures have been delineated, 5 of which could be part of one large carbonate bank; and that a stratigraphic column similar to many of the Mexican fields is likely. The features of the basin are discussed. Petroleum geology--Belize. Petroleum prospecting--Geophysical methods. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cohn, Jeffrey P. Keeper of the wild side. Americas v. 45 (Mar./Apr. '93) p. 34-7. ABSTRACT: Belize Zoo founder and director Sharon Matola is a tireless caretaker of rare animals and an outspoken crusader for habitat preservation. The Belize Zoo harbors 120 animals from 47 species native to Belize, including several endangered species. Soon to be joined by a new conservation and research center, the zoo has become a focal point for environmental preservation in a largely undeveloped country that is key to conserving Central American wildlife. In addition to running the zoo, the U.S.-born Matola has spearheaded wildlife education programs in Belize schools, campaigned for the expansion of the Cockscomb Basin Forest Preserve, written children's books, hosted radio shows, launched a program that helps local conservation groups strengthen their programs, and organized and led scientific surveys of the Maya Mountains and other areas for the Belize Ministry of Natural Resources. Belize Zoo. Americans--Belize. Matola, Sharon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Day, M. Resource use in the tropical karstlands of central Belize. Environmental Geology v. 21 (June '93) p. 122-8. ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on environmental changes in karst areas. A study examined the use of resources in the tropical karstlands of central Belize. The indigenous karst resources are rock, water, soil, vegetation, and wildlife. The pressures on individual resources is often subtle, but their combined impact can precipitate instability, resulting in the disruption of food, water, and fuel supplies. Maya farmers used the karst of central Belize for centuries, but between the 10th and 19th centuries most of it reverted back to forest. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, commercial logging dominated; this was followed by an expansion of subsistence and commercial agriculture after 1945. Resource use accelerated in the 1980s, with increasing clearance for agricultural use. Soil depletion has begun in the region, and there is increasing pressure on water resources and some wildlife. Careful monitoring of resource pressures is advised. Limestone mines and mining--Belize. Deforestation. Agriculture--Belize. Environmental geology. Human ecology. Limestone. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maya mountain towns found in Belize. Science News v. 144 (Aug. 7 '93) p. 84. ABSTRACT: Cleveland State University archaeologist Peter S. Dunham recently announced that the remains of 4 Maya settlements discovered in southern Belize show that the ancient Maya may have established small-scale regional trading networks in addition to the long-distance exchange routes considered characteristic of their culture. According to Dunham, who led the team that discovered the remains, the remnants of large buildings, plazas, pyramids, raised causeways, and reservoirs found at the sites suggest that they were staging grounds for the short-range exchange of goods. Dunham holds that the abundant minerals and other resources at the sites, which are estimated to have been inhabited between A.D. 700 and A.D. 900, would have supported their populations and trade. Mayas--Antiquities. Belize--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- New look at an old Maya city. Science News v. 143 (Apr. 10 '93) p. 237. ABSTRACT: Under the direction of Gair Toutellot III and Norman Hammond of Boston University and Amanda Clarke of York (England) Archaeological Trust, excavations at the La Milpa site in northwestern Belize have uncovered evidence of a Mayan community that flourished more than 1,200 years ago. In the March 1993 issue of Antiquity, the archaeologists report on the discovery of La Milpa's ceremonial center, which contains 4 pyramids, 2 ball courts, 8 stone monuments bearing carved hieroglyphics with dates from A.D. 580 to A.D. 780, and one of the largest public plazas ever built by the Maya. Archeology--Belize. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Small wonder. The Economist v. 327 (June 26 '93) p. 52 ABSTRACT: Opponents of Belize prime minister George Price are exploiting fears raised by Britain's May decision to begin withdrawing troops from the former British colony. A garrison was left there when Belize became independent in 1981 to guard against territorial claims by Guatemala. Officials say that 3,000 jobs and perhaps 5 percent of GDP depend on the garrison. However, the country's economic prospects are good. Besides offering ship and company registrations, Belize provides foreigners a place to park their assets without inspection by tax officials or divorce lawyers. Price has privatized utilities and solicits foreign investment, and his party has a good chance for victory in the upcoming general election. Belize--Politics and government. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Wilford, John Noble. Sites of 4 Maya cities are found in Belize. New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Aug. 3 '93) p. C7. ABSTRACT: The sites of 4 ancient Maya cities have been discovered in the mountains of southern Belize. Details of the discovery, which was made by archeologist Peter S. Dunham of Cleveland State University in Ohio, are discussed. Archeology--Belize. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. Cities and towns, Ruined, extinct, etc. Mayas--Antiquities. Belize--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- O'Neill, Thomas. New sensors eye the rain forest. National Geographic v. 184 (Sept. '93) p. 118-30. ABSTRACT: In an experiment conducted in Belize, 3 advanced remote- sensing devices were flown over the rain forest on NASA research aircraft to develop new ways of examining landscapes. The Tropical Rain Forest Ecology Experiment will help determine how much damage this Central American ecosystem can sustain and still recover. The experiment is outlined, the region being studied and the farming methods that are harming it are described, and the Mayan culture's farming legacy is discussed. Rain forests--Belize. Remote sensing. Airplanes in forestry. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Polisar, John. River turtle protected. Wildlife Conservation v. 96 (Sept./Oct. '93) p. 6. ABSTRACT: The government of Belize has enacted legislation to protect the Central American river turtle, Dermatemys mawri, which has been subject to intense hunting pressure over much of its range. The legislation prohibits commercial use of the species, limits possession, and mandates a short, closed hunting season. In addition, the law designates completely closed zones in sections of major rivers and lagoons along the northern coastal plain. Turtles. Wildlife conservation--Laws and regulations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Koontz, Fred. Trading places. Wildlife Conservation v. 96 (May/June '93) p. 52-9. ABSTRACT: Black howler monkeys have been reintroduced to an area where the species was extinct. Fourteen monkeys were relocated from the Community Baboon Sanctuary in northern Belize to the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in the south. The Basin was the home of black howlers until 1978 when yellow fever, hurricane damage, and overhunting made the species locally extinct. The goals of the relocation were to develop better methods of moving wild primates and to improve the conservation prospects for the black howler species. The project consisted of 3 stages: preparing release sites, moving the animals, and monitoring them after release. A high survival rate and minimal dispersal augurs well for future relocations. A sidebar describes a visit to the Community Baboon Sanctuary. Monkeys. Wildlife--Relocation. Zoological gardens--Belize. Wildlife sanctuaries. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lara, Maria Ester. Divergent wrench faulting in the Belize Southern Lagoon: implications for Tertiary Caribbean plate movements and Quaternary reef distribution. AAPG Bulletin v. 77 (June '93) p. 1041-63. ABSTRACT: A study was carried out to investigate the relationship between local tectonics and regional patterns. The study analyzed 500 km of multichannel seismic reflection data from the Belize Southern Lagoon. The data reveal a series of southwest-northeast-trending en echelon ridges, separated by channels, produced by a combination of wrench and extension stresses between the end of the Cretaceous and the early Eocene. This suite of structures and their time of formation is consistent with tectonic reconstructions that propose Cuba swept past the eastern Yucatan coast, moving along a left-lateral transform boundary until it collided with the Bahamas platform. High-angle normal faults with a southwest-northeast orientation reveal a second tectonic event that is related to the eastern migration of the Caribbean plate with respect to the North American plate. Seismic prospecting. Petroleum geology--Belize. Plate tectonics--Caribbean region. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fertility among Central American refugees and immigrants in Belize. Human Organization 52 (Summer '93) p. 186-93. Fertility, Human--Belize. Refugees, Salvadoran--Belize. Refugees, Guatemalan--Belize. Birth control--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Betts, Kellyn. Stalking the reef's night stalkers. Sea Frontiers 39 (May/June '93) p. 22-8. ABSTRACT: A group of Earthwatch volunteers traveled to Tobacco Cay in Belize to study some of the Caribbean's most important nocturnal reef predators. The Earthwatch members assisted a group of marine biologists from the University of Rhode Island who have been studying the habits of predatory moray eels, squirrelfish, and grunts for several years. The biologists have discovered that different species of predators partition preferred resources. For example, spotted moray eels eat crabs, and purplemouth morays enjoy wrasses, so both species have developed specialized patterns to pursue their prey. The basic science conducted at Tobacco Cay supports the nascent Belizean environmental movement and increases knowledge about healthy reefs, making it easier to notice symptoms of reef deterioration. Discussed are the beauty of the reef and the methodology used to study the 3 nocturnal predators. A map depicts Belize, and ways that people can join research holidays are listed. Earthwatch (Organization) Coral reef fauna. Eels. Grunts (Fish). Squirrelfish. Tobacco Cay (Belize)--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gordon, Bonnie Bilyeu. Belizean pleasures. Sea Frontiers v. 39 (May/June '93) p. 30-9. ABSTRACT: The Central American country of Belize, formerly known as British Honduras, is a vacationer's dream. The English- speaking country features one of the world's greatest coral- reef systems, boasts a small population, and contains national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, a unique zoo, Mayan ruins, inland mountains, swampy mangrove woods, and virgin forests. Information on how to get to the country, how to make telephone calls from there, what to eat there, and where to stay there is provided, and a vacation to Belize is described. Belize--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Discoveries may rewrite Mayan history. USA Today (Periodical) v. 121 (Apr. '93) p. 8-9. ABSTRACT: Archaeologists Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase of the University of Central Florida have uncovered several intact tombs in Caracol, Belize, that provide evidence contradicting long-held theories relating to Mayan society. The findings include 2 intact royal burials. Before the discoveries in Caracol, it was generally held that the Maya buried their dead rulers and royals in ways that differed significantly from the rest of the population, but the Chases' findings dispute this theory. The Mayans in general buried more than one person within the same chamber or tomb; moved bodies, bones, and offerings from one resting place to another; and used identical ritual deposits. In addition, the Chases' discoveries dispel the popular belief that Mayan society was composed of 2 opposing groups: a small wealthy elite and a large downtrodden peasant class. According to Diane Chase, there was a large middle group and the gulf between the elite and the commoners was narrowing. Mayas--Tombs. Tombs--Belize. Caracol site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gordon, Bonnie Bilyeu. Pampering our coastlines. Sea Frontiers v. 39 (Mar./Apr. '93) p. 5. ABSTRACT: What Belize chooses to do with its mangroves in the next decades could, by example, affect the world's future. Belize's most notable contribution to life on Earth may be that it has protected its mangrove forests from development; it is the only country that maintains 90 percent of its natural mangrove forests. Mangroves are key to the marine food web: Their roots provide shelter for young oceanic fishes and crustaceans, and their leaves feed the fungi that begin the food web. Because the trees can block views of the water, their survival is not necessarily compatible with the tourist industry. If Belize continues to resist development, however, the pristine environment that may attract an increasing number of visitors will be protected, making the country one of the few that have resisted the wealth that comes with beach and golf resorts. Mangroves. Environmental policy--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mapping La Milpa: a Maya city in northwestern Belize. Antiquity v. 67 (Mar. '93) p. 96-108. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Mayas--Antiquities. La Milpa site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prostitution and the military: planning AIDS intervention in Belize. Social Science & Medicine v. 36 no7 (Apr. '93) p. 965-79. AIDS (Disease)--Belize. Prostitution--Belize. Servicemen--Sexual behavior. Great Britain--Armed forces--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Modern stromatolite reefs fringing a brackish coastline, Chetumal Bay, Belize. Geology v. 21 (Mar. '93) p. 199-202. Reefs. Coasts--Belize. Calcification. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trouble in paradise? National Geographic World v. 209 (Jan. '93) p. 18-22. ABSTRACT: A barrier reef stretches for 175 miles along the Caribbean coast of Belize. Like other reefs, this one consists of limestone deposited by many generations of tiny coral polyps. It is home to many other marine creatures as well, including red sea stars, green shellfish, spotted moray eels, and rainbow-colored fish. Because the reef is largely untouched, scientists study it to learn about the interaction of its various residents, its healthy life cycles, the factors that can damage it, and the amount of time it takes to heal. The most serious damage is caused by tourists, who are coming to Belize in growing numbers. Other dangers include pollution, the warming of the ocean, and erosion from cleared land. The citizens of Belize have created a marine sanctuary to protect the reef and won a grant for conservation along the entire coast. Coral reefs and islands. Marine parks and reserves--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fox, Leslie. Archaeology jungle... History Today v. 43 (Jan. '93) p. 6-8. ABSTRACT: In 1992, a group of 16-year-old students from Trent College in Great Britain cleared and mapped the site of a 19th-century sugar mill in southern Belize. The Sittee River 92 expedition collected hundreds of artifacts, ranging from a Mayan flint spearhead dating from about A. D. 500 to a steam locomotive built around 1866. Engineering drawings of much of the mill machinery were obtained from the manufacturer. Local residents plan to establish a visitors' center on the site to encourage tourism. Sugar factories--Belize--History. Youth as archaeologists. Belize--Antiquities. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dawidoff, Nicholas. Queen of the jungle. Sports Illustrated v. 76 (Mar. 9 '92) p. 170-4. ABSTRACT: American biologist Sharon Matola is the founder and sole keeper of the Belize Zoo in Belize City. A native of Baltimore, Matola served in the Air Force for 21/2 years before studying Russian at Iowa State, biology at New College in Sarasota, Florida, and mycology at the University of South Florida. She came to Belize in 1982 and, after securing permission from the government to start a zoo, she began raising funds. Today, with a combination of admissions fees, souvenir sales, and donations from such sources as the World Wildlife Fund, Jimmy Buffett, and Harrison Ford, the Belize Zoo is one of the country's foremost cultural and entertainment attractions. The zoo, which is home to over 120 animals, is visited by nearly every schoolchild in Belize each year. Belize Zoo. Americans--Belize. Matola, Sharon. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hoffman, Eric. Wonder woman of Belize. International Wildlife v. 22 (Nov./Dec. '92) p. 14-19. ABSTRACT: Former circus dancer and lion tamer Sharon Matola overcame tremendous odds to establish the Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center, which has become a beacon for Belize's growing conservation movement. Matola, who grew up in Baltimore, first traveled to Central America at age 20 as 1 of the first 6 women allowed into the U.S. Air Force's jungle survival training school in Panama. After studying mycology at New College in Sarasota, Florida, Matola joined a Mexican circus, a job that enabled her to travel around the countryside and pursue her interest in fungi. She went to Belize on a fish survey in 1980 and was later hired by a film company to care for native animals used in the movie Selva Verde. She established the Belize Zoo to educate Belizeans about native species, and her fund-raising, education, and public relations efforts led to the expansion of the zoo and to the establishment of animal preserves and conservation programs in Belize. Belize Zoo. Americans--Belize. Matola, Sharon. Conservationists. Zoological gardens--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Middle Preclassic Maya buildings and burials at Cuello, Belize. Antiquity v. 66 (Dec. '92) p. 955-64. Mayas--Mortuary customs. Grave goods. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Cuello site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hiestand, Emily. Field notes from Belize. Orion v. 11 (Autumn '92) p. 41-54. ABSTRACT: An article excerpted from The Very Rich Hours. The tiny Central American country of Belize harbors a rich blend of cultures, a hospitable climate, and land that is occupied in a sound ecological manner. Formerly called British Honduras, Belize is home to small groups of surviving Maya, African-Europeans, descendants of South American Caribs and Africans, Mestizos, descendants of Spanish buccaneers and British colonials, a Mennonite community, and traces of Chinese, Lebanese, and Eastern European people. The only English-speaking country in Mesoamerica, Belize has the lowest population density in Central America. The country, which has no industrial pollution, is notable for its low- impact subsistence farming and a landscape marked by palm trees, broad savannas, lagoons, mangrove swamps, gallery forests, and mountains. Through both private and government efforts, Belizeans have placed nearly a third of their land in reserves and sanctuaries. Belize--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Structural adjustment and rural development: inferences from a Belizean village. The Journal of Developing Areas v. 27 (Oct. '92) p. 1-20. ABSTRACT: A study examined how International Monetary Fund intervention and structural adjustment policies negotiated at the national and multilateral levels have affected residents of a village in Belize. Socioeconomic data were gathered from household surveys administered in 1971 and again in 1986 in Silk Grass village, a predominately Creole settlement with 252 residents. Under the Belize structural adjustment program, which is congruent with the government's commitment to a low-wage, export-guided development strategy, staple crop producer price supports were removed, while retail price controls were retained. The data reveal that the new agricultural policies caused many Silk Grass households to abandon staple production, with a resulting loss of self- sufficiency in food production. Moreover, the households that continue to grow food crops are those without the resources to switch to the more profitable export crops, which has led to increased stratification. Rural development--Belize. Agricultural administration--Belize. Belize--Economic policy. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Barham, Bradford L. Foreign direct investment in a strategically competitive environment: Coca-Cola, Belize, and the international citrus industry. World Development v. 20 (June '92) p. 841-57. Coca-Cola Company. Investments, Foreign--Belize. Citrus industry--Belize. Citrus industry--Florida. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Continuity under colonial rule: the alcalde system and the Garifuna in Belize, 1858-1969. Ethnohistory v. 39 (Winter '92) p. 1-19. Black Carib Indians. Indians of Central America--Belize--Political activities--History. Mayors--Belize--History. Local government--Belize--History. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Profits from paradise. The Geographical Magazine v. 64 (Mar. '92) p. 16-21. Tourist trade--Belize. Tourist trade--Environmental aspects. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Baker, Stephen. Back to nature in Belize. Business Week (Feb. 3 '92) p. 86. ABSTRACT: Formerly British Honduras, Belize is an independent, English- speaking country in Central America that promotes eco- tourism. Belize does not have much development, but it does offer rain forests, jungles, and coral reefs. Guides also provide river trips to Mayan ruins and to what is called the world's only jaguar preserve. Information on traveling to Belize is provided. Belize--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Saving forests with their own medicine. Science v. 256 (Apr. 17 '92) p. 312. Forests and forestry--Belize. Botany, Medical. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lipske, Mike. How a monkey saved the jungle. International Wildlife v. 22 (Jan./Feb. '92) p. 38-43. ABSTRACT: The black howler monkeys of Belize have become the centerpiece of an experimental grass roots conservation program that balances the needs of wildlife with those of rural farmers. These loud-voiced primates had been declining in parts of Latin America where their rain forest habitat was being cleared. Under the Belize program, which was proposed by ethologist Robert Horwich in 1985, farmers voluntarily leave strips of forest along the edges of their fields. These strips allow the howlers, which the local people call baboons, to move between fallow areas where the jungle has been allowed to regenerate. The villagers benefit from the retention of soil nutrients and from the tourists who visit the Community Baboon Sanctuary. Howler monkeys. Rain forests--Belize. Community Baboon Sanctuary (Belize). Horwich, Robert. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Belize factor. Field & Stream v. 96 (Jan. '92) p. 42-3. ABSTRACT: Belize, which is only 2 hours off the American coast, has a lush tropical rain forest, the longest unbroken coral reef barrier in the Western Hemisphere, and some of the best fishing in the world. The writer describes a fishing cruise off Belize. Fishing--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Brower, Kenneth. Of reefs and ruins. The Atlantic v. 269 (Feb. '92) p. 96-9. ABSTRACT: The writer describes the history, people, geography, and attractions of Belize, which sits at the southeastern corner of the Yucatan peninsula. With its natural beauty, diverse population, and many amusements, he argues, it is surprising that it is not yet overrun by tourists. Belize--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Foreign media and the desire to emigrate from Belize. Journal of Communication v. 41 (Winter '91) p. 117-32. Immigration and emigration--Belize. Mass media--Belize. Mass media and public opinion. Belize--Relations (General)--United States. United States--Relations (General)--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Citrus and the state: factions and class formation in rural Belize. American Ethnologist v. 18 (May '91) p. 215-33. Citrus industry--Belize. Social classes--Belize. Party affiliation--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Selbert, Pamela. A modern investment in age-old cures. Americas v. 43 no4 ('91) p. 16-19. ABSTRACT: Scientists are working with herbal healers in Belize to discover cures for life threatening diseases. Belizean shamans use hundreds of different plants to treat such illnesses as dysentery, gastritis, urinary tract infections, ulcers, influenza, diarrhea, colic, arthritis, and diabetes. Herbalist Rosita Arvigo has spent the past eight years studying medicinal plant remedies with Belizean medicine man Don Eligio Panti. In 1987, Arvigo, her husband Greg Shropshire, and ethnobotanist Michael Balick founded the Ix Chel Farm and Tropical Research Center, which works with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland, to seek remedies for illnesses. The NCI is sponsoring a three- continent search for natural products that might help treat cancer and AIDS. According to Gordon Cragg, the chief of NCI's Natural Products Branch, Ix Chel is NCI's best source of medicinal plants. Ix Chel Farm and Tropical Research Center (Belize) Botany, Medical. Ethnobotany. Medicine men. Arvigo, Rosita. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Country profile: Belize. US Department of State Dispatch v. 2 (Oct. 28 '91) p. 802. ABSTRACT: A profile of Belize: Data are presented on the country's population, annual population growth, ethnic groups, religions, languages, education, health, work force, geographical area, cities, terrain, climate, date of independence, type of government, constitution, government branches, administrative subdivisions, political parties, suffrage, central government expenditures, defense, flag, gross domestic product, annual real GDP growth rate, per capita GDP, average inflation rate, natural resources, agriculture, industry, tourism, trade, foreign assistance, and principal government officials. Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lithic craft specialization and product distribution at the Maya site of Colha, Belize. World Archaeology v. 23 (June '91) p. 79-97. Specialization. Stone implements. Mayas--Implements. Colha site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AMS radiocarbon dating of Preclassic Maya burials at Cuello, Belize. American Antiquity v. 56 (July '91) p. 514-19. Radiocarbon dating. Mayas--Mortuary customs. Cuello site (Belize). Belize--History--Chronology. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ancient Maya wetland agriculture . American Antiquity v. 56 (Oct. '91) p. 736-8. Mayas--Agriculture. Mayas--Antiquities. Indians of Central America--Belize--Albion Island--Antiquities. Albion Island (Belize)--Antiquities. Hondo River Valley (Guatemala-Belize)--Antiquities. Belize--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Additional considerations for prehispanic saltmaking in Belize. American Antiquity v. 56 (July '91) p. 520-5. Salt industry--Belize--History. Indians of Central America--Industries. Indians of Central America--Implements. Belize--Antiquities. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize: an introduction. Latin American Research Review v. 26 no3 ('91) p. 257-65. Belizean fiction. Belize--Politics and government. Belize--Bibliography. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize, a new nation in Central America . Latin American Research Review v. 26 no3 ('91) p. 257-65. Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize, ethnicity, and development . Latin American Research Review v. 26 no3 ('91) p. 257-65. Belize--Ethnic relations--Congresses. Belize--Economic conditions--Congresses. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Matthiessen, Peter. Life in ruins. Travel Holiday v. 174 (June '91) p. 44-51. ABSTRACT: The writer describes a trip to Central America, where he visited the Mayan ruins of Tikal in Guatemala and Altun Ha in Belize. Tikal, which was occupied by 1000 B.C., was a major Mayan city that has been generally accessible to visitors only since the 1950s. The site is notable for its stunning Great Plaza and its looming temples. The lesser known Altun Ha was most likely a trading center established by the Mayas about 3,000 years ago. This site features the Temple of the Green Tomb, which contains about 300 pieces of jade and other jewelry, and the Sun God Temple, which is named for a jade head of the sun god that was found in the temple chamber on the 59'-high terrace. Tikal (Guatemala). Altun Ha site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thick sediments, high potential postulated in Belize license area. Oil & Gas Journal v. 89 (Jan. 7 '91) p. 87-8. ABSTRACT: An exploration license area awarded last month in northwestern Belize has an expected 15,000-20,000 feet of sedimentary section on its west side and is in the most prospective sector of the country, according to a report prepared for the concessionaire. Belize has signed an agreement with Pentagon Petroleum of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, that covers a 268,000-acre block. Seismic work is to begin in the first half of 1991. Oil and gas exploration--Licenses. Oil and gas exploration--Belize. Oil and gas leases--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964-1970 . V3. Antiquity v. 65 (Mar. '91) p. 177-8. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hol Chan; marine parks benefit commercial fisheries. Scientific American v. 264 (May '91) p. 32. Wildlife sanctuaries. National parks and reserves--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lessons learned from a Third World water and sanitation project. Journal of Environmental Health (Spring '91) p. 34-8. Water supply--Belize. Belize--Sanitary affairs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Marketing policy and the loss of food self-sufficiency in rural Belize. Human Organization v. 50 (Spring '91) p. 16-25. Agricultural price supports--Belize. Agricultural products--Marketing. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Prehistoric Maya economies of Belize . American Anthropologist v. 93 (Mar. '91) p. 247-8. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class resistance and class hegemony: from conflict to co-optation in the citrus industry of Belize. Ethnology v. 29 (July '90) p. 189-207. Citrus industry--Belize. Peasantry--Belize. Farmers--Belize--Political activities. Agricultural societies. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Early Maya architectural innovation at Cuello, Belize. World Archaeology v. 21 (Feb. '90) p. 461-81. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Mayas--Architecture. Mayas--History--Chronology. Cuello site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Redefinition of the Swasey phase at Cuello, Belize. American Antiquity v. 55 (July '90) p. 570-84. Radiocarbon dating. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Belize--History--Chronology. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sanchez-Barreda, Luis A. Why wells have failed in Southern Belize area. Oil & Gas Journal v. 88 (Aug. 20 '90) p. 97. ABSTRACT: Although all wells drilled in southern Belize have revealed encouraging evidence of hydrocarbons, the Sarstun embayment remains effectively unexplored for hydrocarbons. The embayment, on the southeastern flank of the Yucatan peninsula, forms the eastern extension of the Guatemala structural foreland basin, which is part of the larger Chapayal basin. Commercial production has not been established in southern Belize due to either an inadequate depth to penetrate a sealed reservoir, the drilling off structure, or a lack of trapping seals. Belize's realization as an oil province will require innovative technologies and advanced interpretive techniques. Because stratigraphic and structural development similarities between southern Belize and Mexico have been established, accurate assumptions and applied experiences from analog petroleum plays in Mexico could increase the odds of future oil discoveries in the Sarstun embayment. Oil and gas exploration--Belize. Petroleum geology--Belize. Natural gas geology--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Investors will find a fertile economy for planting capital, especially in the tourism field. Business America v. 111 (Sept. 24 '90) p. 19. ABSTRACT: The government of Belize is encouraging foreign investment to stimulate the country's economy, increase employment opportunities, and introduce new technology. The country's political stability, absence of excessive government interference, and accessibility to the United State should attract U.S. investors. Investment opportunities are most promising in tourism and agriculture. Investments, Foreign--Belize. Tourist trade--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The OAS welcomes two new members. Americas v. 42 no6 ('90/'91) p. 50-2. ABSTRACT: On January 8, 1991, Belize and Guyana became the 34th and the 35th members of the Organization of American States at a special session of the OAS General Assembly. OAS secretary- general Joao Clemente Baena Soares stated that the occasion demonstrated the continuing relevance of the OAS, the oldest international organization in the world, as a forum for dialogue among American countries and strengthened its role of promoting security, economic progress, and social justice for the people of the hemisphere. Guyana, which lies on the northern coast of South America, is a small developing country with a multiethnic population of just over 800,000 and a topography that is notable for its intricate network of rivers, streams, and waterfalls. Belize, which is located between Mexico and Guatemala, is spectacularly beautiful and hosts a diverse and peaceful population. Organization of American States. Guyana. Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Louisiana independent gets Belize block. Oil & Gas Journal v. 88 (Dec. 17 '90) p. 29. Oil and gas leases--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 'Gracias, doctor'. American Family Physician v. 42 (Dec. '90) p. 1520. Rehabilitation. Public health--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- New look at an ancient Maya site. Science News v. 138 (Oct. 13 '90) p. 235. Indians of Central America--Antiquities. Archeology--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize . International Affairs v. 66 (July '90) p. 645-6. Representative government and representation--Belize--History-- 20th century. Belize--Politics and government. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Belize Audubon. Audubon v. 92 (July '90) p. 14. ABSTRACT: Janet Gibson, vice-president of the Belize Audubon Society, was awarded $60,000 by the Goldman Environmental Foundation of San Francisco in recognition of her efforts to preserve the Belize Barrier Reef. She lobbied for the creation of the country's first marine reserve, and in 1987, Belize established the Hol Chan Marine Reserve, consisting of five square miles of endangered reefs, lagoons, and seagrass meadows. Marine parks and reserves--Belize. Gibson, Janet. Awards, prizes, etc. National parks and reserves--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Belize triangle: relations with Britain, Guatemala and the United States. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs v. 32 (Spring '90) p. 119-35. Belize--Foreign relations. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lewenstein, Suzanne M. Stone tool use at Cerros . Man v. 25 (Mar. '90) p. 149-50. Mayas--Implements. Mayas--Industries. Ethnoarchaeology. Indians of Central America--Belize--Implements. Indians of Central America--Belize--Industries. Cerros site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rainforest acquisition in Belize. The Geographical Magazine v. 62 (Apr. '90) p. 24-5. Rain forests--Belize. Forest conservation--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nearctic passerine fall migration in central Belize. Wilson Bulletin v. 102 (Mar. '90) p. 146-50. Body weight--Birds. Birds--Migration. Birds--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tangley, Laura. Bleaching on the rise in Belize. BioScience v. 46 (June '96) p. 395. ABSTRACT: Part of a research update from the meeting in Baltimore of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. According to Raymond Hayes of Howard University in Washington, D.C., extensive bleaching of corals off the coast of Belize, which occurred for the first time ever last fall, has provided a superb opportunity for learning more about the environmental correlates of bleaching. The timing of bleaching in Belize--it started in August 1995 and continued through October--was linked with a rise in water temperature. In addition, wind conditions were anomalous during August and September 1995. More surprising, the researchers found a negative correlation between bleaching and ultraviolet light, which in laboratory studies results in coral losing its zooxanthellae, the symbiotic algae that both give corals their color and provide them with vital nutrition. Ocean temperature. Coral bleaching. Marine parks and reserves--Belize. Coral reefs and islands--Belize. Environmental pollution--Belize. Environmental pollution--Indicator organisms. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Jacob, John S. Ancient Maya wetland agricultural fields in Cobweb Swamp, Belize: construction, chronology, and function. Journal of Field Archaeology v. 22 (Summer '95) p. 175-90. Mayas--Agriculture. Paleobotany. Irrigation--History. Belize--Antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Collins, Charles O. Refugee resettlement in Belize. The Geographical Review v. 85 (Jan. '95) p. 20-30. Refugees, Central American--Belize. Land settlement--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Low, Setha M. Indigenous architecture and the Spanish America plaza in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean. American Anthropologist v. 97 (Dec. '95) p. 748-62. ABSTRACT: The plaza is often regarded as an important spatial representation of society and social hierarchy. The usual interpretation of plazas built in Mesoamerica and the Caribbean under the direction of the Spanish is that they served as architectural representations of colonial control and oppression. Such interpretations are based on the tacit assumption that urban design centered on plazas was derived from only Europe. However, there is considerable evidence to indicate that this form of design was influenced by pre-Columbian contributions. The clear documentation of correspondence between indigenous forms of urban design and Spanish reconstruction makes it surprising that the significance of this correspondence has been denied. Archeological and ethnohistorical case studies of Tipu in Belize, Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola, Tenochtitlán/Mexico City, and Mérida in Yucatan are presented. Archeology--Mexico. Architecture--History. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cheever, Susan. Architectural Digest visits: Francis Ford Coppola in Belize. Architectural Digest v. 52 (Sept. '95) p. 184-91+. Resorts--Belize. Coppola, Francis Ford. Mestre, Manolo. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Modlin, Richard F. Together in the shallows. Sea Frontiers v. 41 (Winter '95) p. 30-1+. Mysids. Marsh ecology. Marshes--Belize. Mangrove. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Howl from the bowel. Discover v. 16 (Oct. '95) p. 25+. ABSTRACT: A set of vessels discovered in an ancient Mayan grave by Gyles Iannone of University College, London, may have been used for administering enemas to shamans. One of the vessels, which depicts the Jaguar God of the Underworld, shows the god with an unusual funnel-shaped mouth. Iannone believes that this shape represents the "cosmic howl" emitted by a person in ecstasy. The finding concurs with archeologists' belief that Mayan shamans ritually used hallucinogenic enemas to induce a trance state. Indians of Central America. Enema. Archeology--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chin, Susan. Green Johns. Wildlife Conservation v. 98 (July/Aug. '95) p. 12. ABSTRACT: An approach to the disposal of human waste on Middle Cay, a tiny island in Glover's Reef in Belize, is discussed. The Wildlife Conservation Society has installed Clivus Multrum self-composting toilets, which neither send the effluent into the island's delicate freshwater aquifer nor use toxic chemicals to process waste. These toilets seem to be functioning so well that it is expected that the government of Belize will insist that this composting technology be used in all new developments on the cays. Bathrooms. Coral reefs and islands--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ De Witt, Karen. Exile's effort to return puts focus on tax loophole. New York Times (Late New York Edition) (Oct. 1 '95) p. 14 (Sec 1). ABSTRACT: (Sept. 29) The plans of billionaire expatriate Kenneth B. Dart to return to the U.S. has revived a debate between Democrats and Republicans over a loophole that allows noncitizens to avoid taxes on capital gains and estates. Critics claim that the loophole has permitted a handful of rich Americans like Dart to renounce their citizenship and save millions or even billions in taxes. Tax evasion. Expatriation--Taxation. Americans--Belize--Taxation. Rich--Taxation. Belize--Diplomatic and consular service--United States. Dart, Kenneth. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Schillinger, Liesl. Eco trip. The New Republic v. 213 (July 3 '95) p. 11-12. ABSTRACT: Eco-tourism is really just an updated version of expensive nineteenth-century adventuring for wealthy, sophisticated travelers who can pay big bucks to contemplate nature. While it doesn't do much harm, especially compared to conventional tourism, it is not a saintly exercise in saving the planet either. The writer discusses her trip to the eco-tourism mecca of Belize. Ecotourism. Tourist trade--Belize. Belize--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mackey, Chris. Healthy habitat for howlers. Americas v. 47 (May/June '95) p. 2-3. ABSTRACT: The Community Baboon Sanctuary in Belize is demonstrating that it is possible to balance wildlife needs with human needs. This fifteen-square-mile area is home to howler monkeys, who reside in the rain forest treetops. Ethologist Robert Horwich and plant ecologist Jon Lyon developed aMconservation plan with landowners, whom Lyon said had already been conserving monkey habitat through their land-use practices. The landowners are supplementing their income by providing food and lodging for ecotourists, and Lyon says that the howler population has grown about 18 percent since the sanctuary's establishment. Howler monkeys. Rain forests--Belize. Community Baboon Sanctuary (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Healy, Paul F.; Awe, Jaime J.; Iannone, Gyles. Pacbitun (Belize) and ancient Maya use of slate. Antiquity v. 69 (June '95) p. 337-48. Stone implements and weapons. Stone (Building material). Stone carving. Slate. Mayas--Antiquities. Pacbitun site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Price, Richard; Price, Sally. Executing culture: musee, museo, museum. American Anthropologist v. 97 (Mar. '95) p. 97-109. ABSTRACT: The writers discuss the politics of contemporary museum-making with reference to 3 case studies scheduled to open in the early 1990s. The Musee Regional in Cayenne was to be an ultramodern ethnological museum in the French mode. However, in September 1991, a corruption scandal rocked the government, and all funds for construction projects were frozen for 5 years. The Museo de América in Madrid was to portray Spain's historical legacy in the New World. This project was abandoned in February 1991, when the museum's powerful patron in the ministry of culture was fired. The Museum of Belize in the new capital of Belmopan was to project a dynamic image of this young Central American country. This project was also shelved when in June 1993, the opposition unexpectedly won national elections. The writers examine the ideological peculiarities that frame each project in relation to the museological representation of tradition, history, ethnicity, colonialism, and nation-building. Museums. French Guiana--Description and travel. Belize--Description and travel. Spain--Description and travel. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Jacob, John S. Ancient Maya wetland agricultural fields in Cobweb Swamp, Belize: construction, chronology, and function. Journal of Field Archaeology v. 22 (Summer '95) p. 175-90. Mayas--Agriculture. Wetland planting. Colha site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ McSweeney, Kendra. The cohune palm (Orbignya cohune, Arecaceae) in Belize: a survey of uses. Economic Botany v. 49 (Apr./June '95) p. 162-71. Cohune palm. Botany, Economic--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ West, Ted. Belize: up to our axle in alligators. Outdoor Life v. 195 (Feb. '95) p. 70-6. Motor vehicle driving--Belize. Four wheel drive vehicles--Testing. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Eade, Jeremy D. O.; Moran, Dominic. Spatial economic valuation: benefits transfer using geographical information systems. Journal of Environmental Management v. 48 (Oct. '96) p. 97-110. Space in economics. Land utilization--Belize. Geographic information systems. Natural resources--Economic aspects. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Chase, Diane Z. More than kin and king: centralized political organization among the late classic Maya. Current Anthropology v. 37 (Dec. '96) p. 803-10. Mayas--Social structure--History. Political anthropology--Belize. Caracol site (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fox, John W.; Cook, Garrett W. Constructing Maya communities: ethnography for archaeology. Current Anthropology v. 37 (Dec. '96) p. 811-21. Indians of Central America--Belize--Kinship--History. Mayas--Kinship--History. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sutherland, Anne. Tourism and the human mosaic in Belize. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development v. 25 (Fall '96) p. 259-81. Tourist trade--Belize--History. Tourist trade--Environmental aspects. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Moberg, Mark. Myths that divide: immigrant labor and class segmentation in the Belizean banana industry. American Ethnologist v. 23 (May '96) p. 311-30. Banana industry--Belize. Agricultural laborers, Central American--Belize. Ethnic relations--Belize. Labor market segmentation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Moberg, Mark. Transnational labor and refugee enclaves in a Central American banana industry. Human Organization v. 55 (Winter '96) p. 425-35. Banana industry--Belize. Refugees, Central American--Belize. Agricultural laborers, Central American--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hallmark, C. T.; Jacob, J. S. Holocene stratigraphy of Cobweb Swamp, a Maya wetland in northern Belize. Geological Society of America Bulletin v. 108 (July '96) p. 883-91. ABSTRACT: The stratigraphic framework of the Holocene Cobweb Swamp near the Colha archaeological site in Belize is presented. The Cobweb depression is probably a karstic doline or polje, and was covered by a terrestrial marsh in the latest Pleistocene. In the early Holocene, slope wash and colluviation from nearby slopes impacted the depression, possibly due to a drier and cooler climate. After about 5600 before present (B.P.), the depression was filled with a brackish lagoon as sea levels rose. By 4800 B.P., the lagoon was filled with peat. Maya deforestation and the resultant increase of runoff and water flows may have been responsible for the depression becoming a freshwater lagoon after 3600 B.P. Upland soil erosion began as soon as deforestation started, but most occurred with the sudden collapse of the Classic Maya civilization around 1000 B.P. The depression once again began to fill with peat before about 500 B.P., probably due to reforestation after the Maya abandoned the area. Stratigraphic geology--Holocene. Wetlands. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Magana, Roman. Classroom health in Belize. World Health (July/Aug. '96) p. 18. ABSTRACT: Part of a special issue on health-promoting schools. At the Holy Redeemer Upper School in Belize City, Belize, the struggle to keep the children healthy is unceasing. Although the school does not have all the resources required to provide comprehensive health to its pupils, the tools it does have are time, motivation, and dedication. The ultimate goal is to ensure that the children eat well and have balanced diets, and an immediate aim is to generate the resources needed to ensure a healthier future for the schoolchildren. Catholic schools--Belize. School children--Health and hygiene. Health education--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Moran, Dominic; Eade, Jeremy D. O. Spatial economic valuation: benefits transfer using geographical information systems. Journal of Environmental Management v. 48 (Oct. '96) p. 97-110. Spatial analysis (Economic geography). Geographic information systems. Natural resources--Valuation. Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area (Belize). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sowell, Anne L.; Apgar, Jean. Serum carotenoid concentrations and their reproducibility in children in Belize. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition v. 64 (Nov. '96) p. 726-30. Carotenoids. Blood--Analysis and chemistry--Man. Nutrition surveys--Belize. Children--Nutrition. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Viehman, John. Doing more with less. Backpacker v. 24 (Aug. '96) p. 9+. ABSTRACT: American-born Sharon Matola opened the Belize Zoo 15 years ago as a means of feeding animals transported there for a film shoot, which ran out of money. Still juggling things to make ends meet, today Matola shares the zookeeping burdens with a staff at the new 1,000-acre Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center. In addition to managing a growing staff and faculty, she has written a natural history training course and three books that are used to teach Belizeans about their country's natural history. She is also a potent force within Belize's legislature, where she was instrumental in securing protection for endangered sea turtles and in setting up the Cockscomb Basin Jaguar Preserve. The writer describes meeting Matola in Belize. Matola, Sharon. Environmental movement--Belize. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Moberg, Mark. Crown colony as banana republic: the United Fruit Company in British Honduras, 1900-1920. Journal of Latin American Studies v. 28 (May '96) p. 357-81. United Fruit Company--History. Banana industry--Belize--History. Belize--Foreign relations--Great Britain--History. Great Britain--Foreign relations--Belize--History. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Schuster, Angela M. H. Maya king unearthed. Archaeology v. 49 (Sept./Oct. '96) p. 21. Belize--Maya antiquities. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Line, Les. Advocates of sustainable mahogany harvests counter boycott. New York Times (Late New York Edition) (June 4 '96) p. C4. ABSTRACT: The best way to save the mahogany tree and the rain forests of Latin America may be to find new ways to grow and harvest mahogany under natural conditions, according to researchers at the Manomet Observatory for Conservation Sciences in Manomet, Massachusetts. The observatory has begun experiments designed to create profits for native loggers while protecting forest biodiversity in cooperation with the Belize Forest Department and the nonprofit Program for Belize. It is argued that efforts to save the endangered bigleaf or Honduran mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) from extinction by boycotting products made from its wood are doomed to failure, as the tree will then be cleared to make room for agriculture. Forests and forestry--Belize. Lumbering. Mahogany. Boycott. Forest conservation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Masson, Marilyn A. Animal resource manipulation in ritual and domestic contexts at postclassic Maya communities. World Archaeology v. 31 no. 1 (June 1999) p. 93-120. Food--Social aspects. Mayas--Food. Animal remains (Archaeology). Mayas--Social conditions. Laguna de On site (Belize). At the Maya Lowland Postclassic site of Laguna de On, Belize, evidence suggests that animal resources were used differently in various social and functional contexts across the site. Large game animals and selected small taxon are more commonly associated with upper status residential or ritual contexts than with lower status residential zones. Not only are large game animals more frequently represented in upper status and ritual contexts, but they appear to have been processed in a manner that suggests their manipulation in feasting, redistribution, or ritual activities. Comparisons of species frequencies according to context at other Postclassic Maya communities suggests that mammals and birds were universally preferred for ritual and upper status use. Other species, such as iguanas and crocodiles, varied in their significance for such purposes at each community. Aquatic resources, notably fish and turtles, provided important dietary staples at all sites examined and they were not preferentially distributed. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- McAnany, Patricia A., reviewer. The archaeology of city-states [book review]. Ethnohistory v. 46 no3 (Summer 1999) p. 599-606. This volume contains substantive chapters by 14 archaeologists studying small-scale hierarchical politics over the world. Among the topics addressed are internal variation within Mesopotamian city-states, the problematic application of the term "city-states" to Shang dynasty China, and the substantial variation in Maya settlement structure within northern Belize and its implications for the distribution of seats of power. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sutherland, Anne. Bolland, O. Nigel, reviewer. The making of Belize [book review]. The Hispanic American Historical Review v. 79 no. 3 (Aug. 1999) p. 572-3. This ambitious but flawed book argues that Belize is a "postmodern nation" that has moved into the era of communications technology without having developed a modern economy. Sutherland's examination of the impact of globalization on Belizean identity is, however, undermined by an inadequate historical perspective, an uncritical use of terms like "postmodern" and "globalization," and a reliance on anecdotal evidence. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Schmidt, Arthur, reviewer. Myths of ethnicity and nation [book review]. The Americas (West Bethesda, Md.) v. 55 no3 (Jan. 1999) p. 526-7. This book aims to show the historical and contemporary reasons why banana workers in Belize have seldom been able to gain more than token improvements from their employers. It paints a complex picture of social patterns over the past 20 years as government and employers have sought to maintain a low-wage labor force. It argues that employers consciously take advantage of ethnic, nationality, and gender segmentation within the Belize banana labor force. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Powis, Terry G., Stanchly, Norbert, and Christine D. White. A reconstruction of Middle Preclassic Maya subsistence economy at Cahal Pech, Belize. Antiquity v. 73 no280 (June 1999) p. 364-76. Mayas--Antiquities. Subsistence economy. Cahal Pech site (Belize). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dunning, Nicholas, Scarborough, Vernon, and Fred Valdez. Temple mountains, sacred lakes, and fertile fields: ancient Maya landscapes in northwestern Belize. Antiquity v. 73 no281 (Sept. 1999) p. 650-60. Landscape archaeology. Man--Influence of climate. Mayas--Antiquities. La Milpa site (Belize). Dos Hombres site (Belize). Part of a special section that uses global case studies to explore the nature of landscape archaeology. The writers explore the importance of the materialization of cultural perceptions of landscape in the Mayan centers of La Milpa and Dos Hombres and show how this creates fields of power. Focusing on the landscape that took shape between A.D. 700 and 900, they view landscape as a layered artifact that reflects cumulative processes of human action and environmental change. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pyburn, K. Anne, Dixon, Boyd, and Patricia Cook. The Albion Island settlement pattern project: domination and resistance in Early Classic northern Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology v. 25 (Spring '98) p. 37-62. Prehistoric land settlement patterns. Land settlement--Belize. Excavations (Archaeology)--Belize. Mayas--Antiquities. Albion Island (Belize)--Antiquities. Mapping and excavation on Albion Island in northern Belize produced evidence of one of the densest populations known for the Early Classic lowland Maya. The topography of the island suggests that apparent variation in the density of ancient buildings among archaeological sites may be partly the result of local variation in site formation processes. Contrasting patterns of ancient settlement, however, between sites on Albion Island and sites on the mainland indicate that intersite variation is primarily the result of differences in ancient political economy that affected community organization. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Healy, Paul F., Awe, Jamie J., and Hermann Helmuth. An ancient Maya multiple burial at Caledonia, Cayo District, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology v. 25 no3 (Fall '98) p. 261-74. Tombs--Belize. Mayas--Mortuary customs. Grave goods. Abstract: Salvage excavation of a small Maya temple-pyramid at the site of Caledonia in the Cayo District of western Belize has revealed a Classic period vaulted tomb containing the remains of multiple individuals. The rich ceramic assemblage from the burial included transitional Tzakol 3-Tepeu 1 (A.C. 450-650) vessels (17 in total), along with obsidian blades, carved jade and shell jewelry, and other stone artifacts. Osteological examination of the human skeletal remains indicates at least eight individuals of both sexes were interred, as well as one child. On the basis of the tomb size, architectural, artifactual, and osteological remains, and a radiocarbon determination, it is likely that the Caledonia tomb was utilized over several centuries, possibly as an elite Maya family crypt. Following the last interment in the tomb the temple-pyramid was enlarged and topped by a vaulted superstructure with associated ceramics dating to Tepeu 3 times. A description of the site, tomb, osteology, and artifacts is provided along with a discussion of Maya multiple burials and funerary customs. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- McNairn, Rosemarie M. Baiting the British bull: a fiesta, trials, and a petition in Belize. The Americas (West Bethesda, Md.) v. 55 no2 (Oct. '98) p. 240-74. Bullfights. Actions and defenses. Belize--Social life and customs. Great Britain--Colonies--Administration. Abstract: The writer analyzes documents relating to the criminal charges laid by the British magistrate against bullfights in Belize in May 1865. She explains that the bullfights took place in the context of a traditional Yucatecan religious festival held in the Mayan village of Xaibe, near Corozal in the Northern District of Belize. She stresses the larger context of elite/English domination and the experience of Mayan resistance to domination as critical to an understanding of Belizean case study. She takes the reader beyond the battle of wills between British colonialists to plot a moment of confrontation that signaled the ambivalence of colonial authority and the power/voice of the people. Relocating agency in the "insurgent or subaltern," she suggests that the most significant outcome is that a petition by nearly 400 residents of the district against the magistrate emerges as the voice of self and Xaibe as a site of resistance. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Greene, Oliver N. The dügü ritual of the Garinagu of Belize: reinforcing values of society through music and spirit possession. Black Music Research Journal v. 18 no1/2 (Spring/Fall 1998) p. 167-81. Black Carib Indians. Music and society. Spirit possession. Belize--Social life and customs. Abstract: The writer examines the relationship between music and the spirit realm of the Garinagu of Belize as displayed in adügürahani, or dügü, a three- or four-day ritual to appease neglected ancestor spirits. His examination of dügü is based on the hypothesis that music is a mediating agent that connects people and their ancestors for the purpose of maintaining family solidarity and reinforcing the traditional norms and values of society. He demonstrates how spirit possession and music are used to reinforce social values during an ancestor placation ritual. To enable a better understanding of how music and ancestor spirit possession in this rite reinforce social values, he discusses concepts concerning the reorientation of time, cultural relativism, and consanguineous descent. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stone, Andrea Joyce. Joyce, Rosemary A., reviewer. Images from the underworld [book review]. Ethnohistory v. 45 no3 (Summer '98) p. 600-2. Abstract: This beautifully illustrated and produced volume is a landmark study that offers a firm baseline for all future work on Maya cave art. It focuses on the cave system known as Naj Tunich, situated in modern-day Guatemala just over the border from Belize. It is an example of thorough documentation of a single cave and a systematic survey of Maya cave art. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Moberg, Mark. Bo