History/Medieval Studies 303
Readings:
Book List
Iconoclasm
Discussion
Topics
Chronologies:
Imperial Crisis
Later Roman
Emperors, 306-395
Fall of Western
Empire
Age of Justinian
Islamic Caliphs
Byzantine Dark
Ages
Triumph of
Christianity
Macedonian Resurgence
Crusades
Restoration and Ottoman Advance
Handouts:
Population
Finances under
Justinian
Byzantium c.850A.D.
Currency charts:
Diocletian
and Constantine
Justinian
and Heraclius
Isaurian,
Amorian, and Macedonian Ages
Comnenian
and Palaeogian Ages
| 161 | Accession of MARCUS AURELIUS (161-180) | |
| 161-166 | Parthian War | |
| Great Plague sweeps empire | ||
| 167-175 | First Germanic War: Marcus Aurelius batttles coalition of Quadi, Marcomanni and Samartians on the Danube) | |
| Marcus Aurelius composes Meditations | ||
| 177-180 | Second Germanic War | |
| 180 | Death of Marcus Aurelius; Accession of COMMODUS (180-192) | |
| 192 | Murder of Commodus; Outbreak of Civil War (193-195) among legionary armies | |
| 193 | Accession of SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS (193-211) | |
| Establishment of Severan Dynasty (193-235) | ||
| Apex of Imperial Civilization and Development of the Provinces | ||
| 197-199 | Parthian War; Sack of Ctesiphon | |
| 211 | Accession of CARACALLA (211-217) | |
| 212 | Constitutio Antoniniana: Roman Citizenship granted to all free residents of empire | |
| 214-217 | Parthian War | |
| 215 | Introduction of ANTONINIANUS; Debasement of Silver Coinage | |
| 218-222 | ELAGABALUS Emperor | |
| 222-235 | SEVERUS ALEXANDER Emperor | |
| 226/7 | Ardashir overthrows Parthians; Establishment of the NEO-PERSIAN or SASSANID EMPIRE | |
| 230-233 | Inconclusive Persian-Roman War | |
| 235 | Murder of Severus Alexander; MAXIMINUS I THRAX (235-238) proclaimed emperor by army | |
| BEGINNING OF POLITICAL AND MILITARY CRISIS | ||
| 238 | Revolt against Tyrannical Rule of Maximinus | |
| Renewed Civil War and Debasement of Currency | ||
| 238-244 | GORDIAN III Emperor | |
| 238-260 | Rapid Debasement of Currency; Mounting Inflation | |
| 242-244 | Inconclusive War vs. SHAPUR I (241-272) of Persia | |
| Murder of Gordian III; Philip I purchases peace from Shapur | ||
| 244-249 | PHILIP I Emperor; Civil War and Rebellion erupts | |
| GOTHS EMERGE AS THREAT ON DANUBE | ||
| FRANKS and ALAMANNI press on Rhine frontier | ||
| SAXONS attack the shores of Britain and Gaul on the North Sea | ||
| 249-251 | TRAJAN DECIUS Emperor | |
| 250-251 | First Empire-wide Perescution of Christians | |
| 251 | Battle of Abrittus: GOTHS DEFEAT AND SLAY TRAJAN DECIUS | |
| 251-253 | Trebonianus Gallus and Volusian Emperors | |
| Renewed Gothic and Persian Invasions | ||
| 253 | PERSIANS SACK ANTIOCH | |
| Accession of VALERIAN (253-260) & GALLIENUS (253-268) as joint Emperors and Informal Division of Empire | ||
| 257-260 | Persian Expedition; VALERIAN CAPTURED BY PERSIANS | |
| Persians overrun Asia Minor, Mesopotamia & Syria | ||
| GALLO-ROMAN EMPIRE in WEST (260-273) | ||
| Emergence of PALMYRA in EAST (260-272) | ||
| 262-267 | Renewed Barbarian Invasions | |
| Nadir of Imperial Currency and Run-away Inflation | ||
| 269 | Battle of Naissus: CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS (268-270) decisively defeats GOTHS | |
| Beginning of Military Recovery | ||
| 270 | Outbreak of Plague | |
| 270-275 | AURELIAN Emperor: Restoration of Imperial Unity | |
| Recovery of East (271-272) and Gaul (273) | ||
| 271 | Romans withdraw from Dacia | |
| First Effective Reform of Currency by Aurelian | ||
| Fortification of Rome | ||
| 276-282 | PROBUS Emperor; End of Gothic Threat | |
| 282-283 | Persian Expedition of Carus; Sack of Ctesiphon | |
| 284-305 | DIOCLETIAN EMPEROR: BIRTH OF DOMINATE | |
| MAJOR REFORMS OF ARMY AND ADMINISTATION | ||
| 285 | DIOCLETIAN nominates MAXIMIANUS as Augustus of the West; FORMAL DIVISION OF EMPIRE | |
| 293 | Promotion of Galerius and Constantius I as Caears of the East and West | |
| BIRTH OF TETRARCHY | ||
| Major Currency Reform: Introduction of NUMMUS | ||
| 301 | EDICT OF MAXIMUM PRICES | |
| 303-311 | GREAT PERSECUTION | |
| 305 | Abdications of Diocletian and Maximianus | |
| 306-324 | Outbreak of new Civil Wars | |
| 306-337 | CONSTANTINE Emperor | |
| 312 | BATTLE OF MILVIAN BRIDIGE | |
| CONVERSION OF CONSTANTINE TO CHRISTIANITY | ||
| 313 | "Edict of Milan": Proclamation of Religious Toleration | |
| 324 | Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine reunites the Roman Empire | |
| 325 | First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea | |
| 337 | Death of Emperor CONSTANTINE | |
| Accession of Constantine II (337-340), Constans (337-350), and Constantius II (337-361) |
THE RISE OF CONSTANTINE, 285-337 A.D.
CAST OF LEADING EMPERORS
THE FIRST TETRARCHY (285-305 A.D.)
| DIOCLETIAN, Augustus in East (284-305) | Maximianus, Augustus in West (285-305) | |
| Galerius, Caesar in East (293-305) | Constantius I Chlorus, Caesar in West (293-305) |
THE SECOND TETRARCHY (305-324 A.D.)
| Galerius, Augustus in East | Constantius I, Augustus in (305-311)West (305-306) | |
| Maximinus II Daia, Caesar in East (305-309) | Severus II, Caesar in West (305-306) |
CIVIL WARS (306-324)
| EMPERORS IN EAST | EMPERORS IN WEST | |
| Galerius (305-311) | CONSTANTINE I "the Great" (306-337) | |
| Maximinus II Daia (309-313) | Maxentius (306-312) & Maximianus (second reign, 306-308), joint rulers in Rome and Italy | |
| Licinius (308-324) |
IMPERIAL REUNIFICATION (324-337)
CONSTANTINE I "the Great" (306-337)
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