Wycherley, HGBC, pp. 1-14

Boardman, Greeks Overseas, pp. 57-100 and 127-174

Cook, "Eastern Greeks," in CAH III. 3˛, pp. 196-221

Questions: Where did Greeks settle along the Anatolian shore? What were the relations between Greeks and indigenous Anatolian peoples? Why did Ionian Greeks emerge in the forefront of economic, intellectual, and cultural developments in the Archaic Age (c. 750-500 B.C.)? What were the crucial developments in literature, visual arts, and thought that reflected the uniqueness of Greek civilization?

Reports:

1. The Colonization of Ionia: Where did the Greeks settle along the Anatolian shore? What were the leading Aeolic, Ionic, and Doric speaking poleis? What religious and cultural bonds untied Asian Greek cities with their mother cities (metropoleis) in the Greek homeland?

Graham, Colony and Mother City, pp.

Cook, Greeks in Ionia, 913.392.C771G, pp. 23-60

Jeffrey, Archaic Greece, pp. 207-246

2. Ionian Cities, 900-500 B.C.: What were the appearance of early Greek settlements in Asia Minor and the Aegean islands such as old Smyrna, Ephesus, Milteus, or Samos? What were the major shrines in early Ionia? How did these cities develop in the Archaic Age under the impact of colonization and economic growth in the Anatolian interior?

Cook, Greeks in Ionia, pp. 68-88

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 35-70

3. Early Greek Temple & Architectural Orders. What were principles for a Greek temple? What were the ritual purposes of temples? How did the Greeks evolve their architectural Doric and Ionic orders in stone? How did the Temple of Athena at Assus epitomize the Doric order?

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 37-105

Serdarolu, Assos

4. Kouros and Kore: Birth of Greek Sculpture What were the unique features about Greek free standing sculpture? How did artists innovate on the traditions inspired by Egyptian and Near Eastern models? What was the purpose of dedicating kouroi and korai?

Boardman, Archaic Scultpure, pp. 18-81

Richter, Kouroi and Korai; consult plates

5. Milesian Philosophers: What conditions allowed for the emergence of Greek speculation in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C.? In what ways did pre-Socratic thinkers break with myth and ritual, and with the speculation of the Near East?

Nahm, Early Greek Philosophy, pp. 1-147

Huxely, Early Ionians, pp. 93-108 and 140-144

Kirk and Raven, Presocratic Philosophers, B188.K5, pp. 182-215

• PERSIAN RULE IN ASIA MINOR

Readings:

Herodotus, pp. 41-85, 178-218, 242-260 and 281-334

Cook, The Persian Empire, pp. 39-131 & 208-228

Mellink, "Anatolia," in CAH IV˛, pp. 211-233

Questions: How did the Persian conquest of the Lydian Kingdom by Cyrus (550-529 B.C.) transform the Anatolian peninsula? What were Persian imperial demands and the extent of Persian military occupation and colonization? What led the Ionian Greeks to revolt against Persian rule in 499-494 B.C.? What consequences did the failure of King Xerxes to conquer Greece in 480-479 B.C. hold for the Persian satrapies of Anatolia? How did Anatolia serve as the cultural bridge between Hellenic and Iranian civilizations? Why did Carians, Lydians, Lycians, and Phrygians admire Hellenic civilization?

Reports:

1. The Great King and his Satraps: What were the powers and religious symbols of the Great King of Persia? Why did the Persian nobility serve the Great king as his satraps? How much independence was exercised by the satraps of Asia Minor? What was the impact of Persian rule over Asia Minor?

Cambridge History of Iran, vol 2, pp. 209-38, 267-91 & 664-97

Dandamaev & Lukonin, Cultural. & Social Institutions of Iran, pp. 238-59

Balcer, Sparda, pp. 169-226

2. Persepolis, A Ritual Capital: How did Persian kings and architects adapt earlier art forms to create a new royal style? What are the sources contributing to this Persian art? Are the Persian kings ecclectic? What were the symbolic and ritual purposes of royal capitals such as Persepolis?

Dandamaev & Lukonin, Cultural & Social Institutions of Iran, pp. 238-72

Pope, "Persepolis as Ritual City," Archaeology 10 (1957), 123-30

CHI vol 2, pp. 838-855 and consult D. N. Wilber, Persepolis

. 3. The Ionian Revolt, 499-494 B.C. What led the Ionian to revolt against Persian rule? What were the roles of Histaeus and Aristagoras?

Herodotus, Histories, bk. 5

Burn, Persia and the Greeks, pp. 193-221

Huxley, Early Ionians, pp. 117-122 & 144-153

4. Persian Military Failure in the West, 480-386 B.C.. What were the consequences of Xerxes' failure to conquer Greece in 480-479 B.C. for Persian rule in the West? Why did the Athenians fail to detach the Western satrapies from Persian rule? Did the Great King of Persia lose control over his Anatolian possessions in the fourth centuries B.C.?

Cook, Persian Empire, pp. 77-90 & 167-182

Weiskopf, The so-called Satraps Revolt

R. Moysey, "Silver Stater Issues," ANSMN 31 (1966), 7ff.

5. Carian Dynasts and Hellenization: How did the dynasts Mausolus and Idrieus develop a Hellenized Carian state? How was the shrine of Zeus at Labranda the showcase of this Hellenized Caria? Did Carians consciously seek self-Hellenization?

Hornblower, Mausolus, pp. 34-67 and 223-351

6. Lycian Cities and Tombs: How did the Lycians model their arts and cities such as Xanthus (Arñna) after Greek cities? How did they adapt Greek architectural and sculptural elements to their public and funerary arts?

Fedak, Monumental Tombs, pp. 15-64

Childs, City Reliefs of Lycia, NB130.L9.C48pp. 1-17, 48-84 & 107-109

• FROM ATHENIAN EMPIRE TO SPARTAN HEGEMONY, 477-371 B.C.

Readings:

Powell, Athens and Sparta, pp. 214-252 and 263-317

Thucydides, I. 34-48 (= Penugin, pp. 143-151) & VIII. 58-59 (pp.571-572)

Xenophon Persian Expedition, pp. 55-220

Questions: Why did Athens or Sparta fail to impose a hegemony over the Greeks of Asia? What factor limited their success? Did the Ionian Greeks prefer rule under the Great King's satraps? How did the Persians check any aspiring Greek hegemon? What did the march of the Ten Thousand (Anabasis) reveal about conditions in Asia Minor, and the weaknesses of Persian rule? Did the King's Peace of 386 B.C. represent a Persian recovery in Anatolia?

Reports:

1. Citizens and Polis at Athens. Who were citizens at Athens? How was citizenship defined? What were the rights and privileges of a citizen under the Periclean democracy? Did Athenian notions of citizenship make Athens a fit hegemon for the Greeks of the islands, Ionia, the Chalcidice, and the Thracian littoral?

Sinclair, Democracy and Participation in Athens, pp. 24-135

Walbank, "Gk. Nationality," Phoenix 5 (1951), 41-60

2. Citizens and Polis at Sparta: Who were citizens at Sparta? Why was the franchise so restricted and prized? Was Sparta a fit hegemon for the former allies of the Athenian Empire? What were Spartan limitations?

Powell, Athens and Sparta, pp. 96-135 & 214-262

Hamilton, Agesilaos, pp. 67-85

3. Athenian Imperial Rule in the Aegean World: How did Athenian rule result in prosperity? Was Athenian rule popular among the cities of Ionia? What were Ionian objections to Athenian rule? Why did so many cities defect from Athens after 412 B.C.?

Meiggs, Athenian Empire, pp. 205-272 and 375-396

Bradeen, "Popularity of Athenian Empire," Historia 9 (1960), 257-269

Balcer, Sparda, pp. 327-410

4. Sparta, Champion of Greek Freedom, 412-386 B.C. Did Lysander and then King Agesilaus offer autonomy and freedom to the cities of Ionia? What were Spartan aims in Asia Minor down to 396 B.C.? "Why did the Spartans back Cyrus the Younger? Why did Sparta agree to the King's Peace (Peace of Antaclidas) in 386 B.C.? Was Persian rule preferable to Athenian or Spartan rule?

Lewis, Sparta and Persia, pp. 108-158

Hamilton, Agesilaus, pp. 86-119

Rahe, "Military Situation in Western Asia Minor," AJP 101 (1980), 79-96

5. The March of the Ten Thousand. How typical was their under Persian paymasters? What did this march reveal about weaknesses in the Persian Empire? Were the people of Anatolia and Armenia largely independent of satrapal control? How did the Ten Thousand act as a polis? What drove these men to serve overseas?

Parke, Greek Mercenary Soldiers, pp. 20-42 , 55-57 & 73-76

J. Roy, "Mercenaries of Cyrus," Historia 16 (1967), 287-323

Richter, G., "Greeks in Persia," AJA 50 (1946), 15-30

• ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE DIADOCHOI, 336-301 B.C.

Readings:

Plutarch, Alexander (= Penguin, pp. 252-354)

Arrian, Campaigns of Alexander, pp. 65-127

Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 44-68 and 229-258

Austin, Hellenistic World, pp. 39-92

Questions:

Reports: What was the impact of the Macedonian conquest of Asia Minor? What regions escaped direct Macedonian rule? Why did Persian satraps, Anatolian satraps, and Greek cities failed to oppose Macedonian kings? How did the Macedonian kings rule over Asia Minor? What was the extent of colonization? What impact did the Galatians have upon Hellenistic Anatolia?

1. Philip II and the Emergence of Macedon: How did Philip II forge an effective Macedonian kingship? What were the nature of his military reforms?D id Philip turn Macedon into a Greek state?

Hammond & Griffith, History of Macedon vol. II, pp. 383-449

Borza, In Shadow of Olympus, pp. 198-252

2. Alexander the Great and Conquest of Asia Minor: Why did Alexander overthrow Persian rule so rapidly in Asia Minor? What was his strategic plan for the conquest of the Western half of the Persian Empire (334-332 B.C.)? How did he display tactical genius at the Granicus (334 B.C.) and at Issus (333 B.C.)?

Engels, Alexander & Logistics, pp. 1-53

Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 259-277

Harl "Alexander's Cavalry Battle," in Polis and Polemos, pp. 303-326

3. Alexander and the Greeks of Asia: How did Alexander treat the Greeks of Asia? Did his relations with Asian Greeks reflect wider aims in imperial administration? How did this relationship influence Alexander's view of the Greek homeland and prepare for the future relations between Greek cities and Macedonian monarchies?

Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 250-259

Bosworth, Conquest & Empire, pp. 250-259

Badian, "Alex. & Gks. of Asia," Ancient Society, pp. 37-69

Harding, FPWBI, docs. 102-107, 112-13, 115-17

4. Macedonian Rule in Asia Minor, 334-281 B.C.: How did governors and kings administer Asia Minor? Did they promote Greek cities and Hellenization as a conscious policy? How did the Anatolians react to their Macedonian masters in the first two generations after the death of Alexander the Great?

Eddy, The King is Dead, 935.E21K, pp.163-182

Billows, Antigonus the One-eyed, pp. 189-314

5. The Galatians: What accounted for the success of the Galatians? Did they disrupt traditional patterns of religious, economic and social life? Why were they depicted as the foes of Hellenism? What aspects of Anatolian life and Hellenism would have attracted the Galatians?

Mitchell, Anatolia, I, pp. 11-58

Allen, Attalid Kingdom, DS156.PA.A5, pp. 136-144

• HELLENIZATION OF ANATOLIA

Readings:

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 23-52 and 78-102

Wycherley, How the Greeks Built Cities, pp. 15-209

Hanfmann, From Croesus to Constantine, pp. 22-40

Questions: What were the relations between Greek cities and Macedonian kings? What were the patterns of Hellenization in Asia Minor (334-133 B.C.)? How did the Lydians, Carians, Lycians, and Phrygians respond? Did the Iranian-Anatolian kings of Bithynia, Pontus, and Cappadocia promote Hellenic urban life out of state policy or sentimental philhellenism? How did economic prosperity and Greek settlement change architecture, sculpture, decorative arts, and religious practices in Asia Minor?

Reports:

1. Hellenic City and Monarch: How did Greek cities come to terms with great monarchs in the Hellenistic age? What was the role of royal cults?

Bosworth, Conquest and Empire, pp. 278-290

Davies, "Cultural, Social & Economic Features," in CAH VII. 1˛, pp. 296-320

2. Philanthropy and Hellenization. How did the Greek city become primarily a source of religious, social, and economic force in Anatolia? What did the propertied classes engage in gift-giving? What was the importance of liturgies? How important were the values of philotimia and philopatris? Was civic pride genuine? In what ways did gift-giving promote a Hellenic city and way of life in Asia Minor?

Jones, Greek City, pp. 211-219

Veyne, Bread and Circuses, pp. 101-155

3. Priene and City Planning. How did Greek cities remodel their public space and private dwelling along the Hippodamian plan? Why was Priene a planned city? How well laid out was the city?

Rumscheid, Priene, pp. 12-59 & 140-180, 195-221

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 125-162

Wycherley, How Greeks Build Cities, pp. 15-35 & 50-138

4. Attalid Kings and Pergamum. How did the Attalid kings transform Pergamum into the "show case" Hellenistic city? Why did they advance the shrine of Asclepius? What was the layout of the Hellenistic city of Pergamum?

Hansen, Attalids of Pergamon, PA25.C7, vol. 156, pp. 234-298

Pollitt, Hellenistic Art, pp. 271-274

5. The Great Altar of Pergamum: What was the purpose of the Great Altar? What other sculpture programs were on display in the upper city of Pergamum? What canons were established by the Pergamene school of sculptors? Why

Pollitt, Hellenistic Art, pp. 76-126

Consult Schmidt, Great Altar of Pergamon, 726.12.534gY

6. From Lydian to Hellenistic Sardes: How as Sardes rebuilt into a Hellenistic city? Why were shrines such as the so-called "temple of Demeter" were rebuilt along Greek lines?

Hanfmann, Hellenistic Period, in Sardis, pp. 109-138

7. Hellenistic Fortifications. How did cities fortify themselves in the Hellenistic age? What were the crucial innovations in civic defenses? How did cities plan to endure sieges? Why was polygonal masonry adopted?

Lawrence, Greek Aims in Fortification, UG429.G8.L38, pp. 111-274

Wycherley, How Greeks Build Cities, pp.36-49

• DUEL BETWEEN ROME AND KINGS OF THE EAST, 200-63 B.C.

Readings:

Livy, Rome & Medit., pp. 23-95, 98-140, 161-193, 205-401, 415-464, 478-538, 547-648

Plutarch, Marius (FRR, pp. 45-63), Sulla (pp. 65-111), Pompey (pp. 183-203)

Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in East, pp. 93-234 (on reserve)

Questions: Why did the Macedonian monarchs Philip V, Antiochus III, and Perseus fail to check the Romans? How decisive were Roman victories in 197-168 B.C.? Did Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus offer a serious challenge to Roman rule?

Reports:

1. Kings Philip V and Perseus: Was the Macedonian kingdom a formidable threat to the Roman Republic? Why did Philip V declare war on Rome in 200 B.C.? Why did Perseus run afoul of Roman suspicions? Did Perseus plan to liberate the Greek world from Roman oppression?

Walbank, Philip V, pp. 108-185

Gruen, Hellenistic World, vol. 2, pp. 399-419, 550-563

Adams, "Perseus," in Adams and Borza, Philip II, pp. 232-56

2. Rome vs the Antigonid Kings: Did the Romans react out of fear to Philip V and Perseus? Was Perseus a new challenge or a victim of Roman suspicions and the machinations of Eumenes II? Did he violate the treaty of 196 B.C.?

Badian, "Flamininus," JRS 61 (1971), 102-111

Gruen, Hellenistic World, vol. 2, 399-414, 505-14, & 550-563

Burstein, "Peace of Apamea," AJAH 5 (1980), 1-12

3. Antiochus the Great: How did Antiochus III envision his kingship in Asia Minor? How did he regard the Greek cities? Did he every seriously cooperate with the Antigonid kings of Macedon? Was he unfairly depicted by Rome and her Greek friends?

Gruen, Hellenistic World, vol. 2, pp. 456-62, 538-50, and 611-644

4. Rome in Asia Minor, 192-167 B.C.: What drove the Romans to wage war against Antiochus III? How successful was Rome's policy of using Pergamum and Rhodes to police Asia Minor?

Badian, "Rome & Antiochus," CPh 54 (1959), 81-99

Gruen, Hellenistic World, vol. 2, pp. 456-62, 538-50, and 611-644

5. Mithridates VI, Last Stand of Hellenism: Could King Mithridates VI have won the First or Third Mithridatic War? How sound was his strategy? Why did Mithridates fail to retain the loyalty of the Greeks of Asia?

Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in East, pp. 93-148

Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, pp. 177-258

6. Sulla and Lucullus: What decisive advantages did Sulla and Lucullus possess over Mithridates? How effective were veteran legions? How did Lucullus smash the Pontic kingdom?

Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, pp. 302-350

• ROMAN RULE IN ASIA MINOR, 133 B.C.-235 A.D.

Readings:

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 1-22 and 234-248

Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, vol I, pp. 34-88, 468-490 & 540-592

Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in East, pp. 18-57

Pliny, Letters, bk. X (= Penguin, pp. 261-301)

Questions: What accounted for the corruption and misrule in Asia Minor under the Roman Republic? How did Roman administration improve in the imperial age? What was the Roman military presence in Asia Minor? What impact did colonies, Roman roads, and fiscal demands upon the peninsula? In what ways was life in Asia Minor Romanized?

Reports:

1. Roman Misrule in Asia Minor, 133-31 B.C.: What were the powers of Republican governors? How tax farming implemented in Asia after 133 B.C.? What were the causes of hatred to Roman rule by 90 B.C.? How did the Mithridatic Wars and Roman Civil Wars ruin the cities of Asia Minor

Broughton, "Asia Minor," in ESAR IV, pp. 538-578

Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, pp. 156-178

2. Roman Imperial Anatolia: What accounts for the improvement of Roman rule in the imperial age? What were the powers of governors? How could provincials protect themselves from Roman misrule? Was Roman administration fair?

Lendon, Empire of Honour, pp. 176-236

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 61-70

Brunt, "Charges of Provincial Maladministration," Historia 10 (1966), 189-227

3. The Roman Imperial Cult and Political Loyalty: What were the political aims of promotion of such cults? Did the cult create loyalty among provincials? Who was responsible for such cults? How did Roman emperors perceive such veneration? How did this veneration reflect the traditions of Hellenistic ruler cults?

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 110-117

Bowersock, "Greek Intellectuals and Imperial Cult," in Le culte des souverains, edited by W. den Boer (Entretiens Hardt 19, 1973), pp. 179-206

Koester, Ephesos, pp. 229-250

4. Roman Colonies in Asia Minor: Where did Augustus establish colonies in Asia Minor? What were the purposes of Roman colonies? What impact did the colonies have on native populations? What was the extent of the Roman military presence in Asia Minor?

Levick, Roman Colonies, pp. 7-28 and 56-129

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 118-142

MacMullen, "Rural Romanization," Phoenix 22 (1967), 336-341

4. Imperial Highways and Frontiers: What were the primarily highways across Roman Asia Minor? How did emperors from Augustus to Trajan defend the frontiers of Asia Minor? What led to the development of the frontier on the Upper Euphrates in the Flavian and Trajanic eras?

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 124-136

Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, vol. 1, pp. 566-592

Mitford, "Roman Frontier on Upper Euphrates," in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 255-272

Lightfoot, "Satala" in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 273-284

5. Imperial Payrolls and Fiscal Demands: How did Roman military expenditures and fiscal demands prime economic development in Asia Minor? What was the result of the monetization of markets? What accounted for the complicated currencies of Asia Minor in the imperial age?

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 241-260

Harl, Coinage in Roman Economy, pp. 97-124 and 207-249

• PROSPERITY AND PATRONAGE UNDER THE PRINCIPATE

Readings:

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 53-132

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 165-221

Harl, Civic Coins & Civic Politics, chapters 2-3

Xenophon, Ephesian Tale in M. Hadas, trans., Three Greek Romances, pp. 71-128

Questions: How dramatic was economic and demographic growth in Asia Minor from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) to the Severan age (193-235)? What was the role of gift-giving by civic elites? What was the role of imperial patronage? Who were the great imperial patrons? How important were religious festivals and public activities in stimulating economic growth and flowering of arts and letters?

Reports:

1. Elites and their Cities: How did city elites link their family fortunes and destinies to their cities? How did they define their sense of patriotism? Why were missions to the Roman emperor so important? What were the main expressions of patronage? Did patronage generate consent from the lower classes? How was Opromoas of Rhodiapolis a model patron? What contributions did he stress on his funerary monument? What does his career reveal about the philotimia and philopatris?

Jones, The Greek City, pp. 170-191 and 211-250

Coulton, "Opramoas," JHS 107 (1987), 171-178

Boatwright, M., "Plancia Magna of Perge: Women's Roles and Status in Roman Asia Minor," in Women History and Ancient History, ed. by S. Pomeroy (Chapel Hill, 1991), pp. 249-272

Lendon, Empire of Honour, pp.

2. Aphrodisias and Rome. How did the magistrates and people of Aphrodisias honor their imperial patrons? What was the function of the Sebasteion? How was the imperial image (imago) venerated? How typical were Aphrodisian dealings with the

Smith, "Imperial Reliefs from Sebasteion," JRS 77 (1987), 88-138 & 78 (1988), 50-138

Reynold, Aphrodisias and Rome, pp. Xv-xvii, docs. 15-21 and 25

Erim, Aphrodisias.

3. The Second Sophistic Movement: What accounted for the revival of Classical literary forms at the end of the first century A.D.? Why did Greek elites in Asia Minor feel compelled to express their Classical education? How important were rhetoric and oratory in political life in the Roman age?

Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire

Bowie, "The Greeks & their Past," P & P 46 (1970), 3-41

Swain, Hellenism and Empire, pp. 17-64

4. The Culture of the Escapist Novels: Why were Greek novels so popular? How did they reflect social value and daily life in cities of Roman Asia Minor?

M. Hadas, trans., Three Greek Romances

Swain, Hellenism and Empire, pp. 101-134

Millar "World of Golden Ass,"JRS 71 (1981), 63-75

Koester, Ephesos, pp. 81-118

5. Festivals and Public Processions: What was the importance of public festivals in religious and social life of cities? How did festivals define piety? What social and economic activities resulted? What does the endowment of the festival by Claudius Demosthenes reveal about the holding of city festivals?

Mitchell, "Festivals, Games and Civic Life," JRS 80 (1990), 183-193

Aelius Aristides, Panathenaic Oration

Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 64-100

Burkert, Homo Necans, pp. 1-48

6. Imperial Patrons: Augustus What shrines did Augustus favor? How did Augustus forge links of patronage with powerful provincials? How important were

Bowersock Augustus and the Greek World

Vermuele, Roman Imperial Art, pp. 170-183 & 212-229

7. Hadrian and the Panhellenion: What cities in Asia Minor received patronage from Hadrian? How important were his visits? What was the purpose of the Panhelleion? How did this philhellene emperor transform the relationship between Rome and her Greek subjects?

Birley, Hadrian, pp. 151-188

Vermuele, Roman Imperial Art, pp. 254-265

Spawforth and Walker, "World of Panhellenion," JRS 75 (1985), 78-104

Jones, "Panhellenion," Chiron 26 (1996), 29-56

• ARCHITECTURE AND AESTHETICS IN ROMAN ASIA MINOR

Readings:

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 133-169

Hanfmann, From Croesus to Constantine, pp. 41-56

Vermuele, Roman Imperial Art, pp. 15-38.

Anderson, Roman Architecture and Society, pp. 241-287

Questions: In what visual arts did Anatolian Greeks excel in the Roman age? What were the innovations in portraiture, relief sculpture (especially on funerary monuments), and architecture? How did Anatolian artists adapt Greek and Roman elements? What was the appearance of cities by 200 A.D.? Was this an opulent baroque age in arts?

Reports:

1. Portraiture in Asia Minor: How did Anatolian Greeks adapt the imperial portrait? What was the impact of the imperial portraits on portray of Anatolian notables? Did artists favor realism or abstract renditions?

Hanfmann, From Croesus to Constantine, pp. 57-74

Vermuele, Roman Imperial Art, pp. 171-200

Consult Inan and Rosenbaum, Roman and Byzantine Portraits, pp1-56

2. Funerary Monuments of Roman Asia Minor: Why did Anatolians of the Roman age commemorate their deceased in so many forms (house tomb, tumulus, sarcophagus)? What was the function of elaborate funerary monuments? How did a"city of the dead" (necropolis) ennoble community and family?

Cormack, Roman Temple Tombs

Fedak, Monumental Tombs, pp. 65-172

Vermuele, Roman Imperial Art, pp. 24-26 and 58-67

3. Roman Ephesus: Redesigning a City. How were Greek cities expanded and redesigned in the Roman age? What was the development of Ephesus in c. 50 B.C. to 235 A.D.? What sorts of public buildings were necessary in the Roman age? How important were markets, porticoes, and fountains?

Koester, Ephesos, pp. 1-80

Foss, Ephesus after Antiquity, pp. 46-102

4. Stadiums (Ephesus, Aphrodisias and Perga). How was a stadium (hippodrome) laid out in the Roman age? How important were chariot games to the life of cities?

Humphrey, Roman Circuses, pp. 1-24 and 438-539

Roueche, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias, pp. 1-160

5. Theaters (Ephesus, Miletus, Aphrodisias, Xanthus, Perge, Aspendus). What were the architectural principles behind Greek and Roman style theaters? What

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 231-296

Smith and Erim, in Aphrodisias Papers 2 (1991), pp. 7-9, 15-28 & 67-108

6. Gymnasiums and Baths (Ephesus, Sardes, Ancyra). What was the social purpose of baths and gymansium in Roman and Greek society, respectively? How did Anatolian cities adapt these buildings and social practices to enrich the lives of their citizens?

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 231-266

Hanfmann, Sardis, pp. 139-167

Farmington, Roman Baths in Lycia, pp. 3-20, 37-52 and 86-100.

7. Roman Aqueducts (Istanbul, Pergamum, Aspendus, and Olba). How were aqueducts designed? What were the architectural principles behind them? How did aqueducts contribute to the development of cities in the Roman age?

Mitchell and Waelkens, Pisidian Antioch, pp. 175-201

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 231-266

Ward-Perkins, "Aqueduct at Aspendus," PBSR n.s. 10 (1955), 115-123

• GODS AND SANCTUARIES OF ASIA MINOR

Readings:

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 1-22 and 133-248

Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 27-102

Questions: How was piety expressed in the Hellenistic and Roman ages? What were the main features of temples and sanctuaries in Roman Asia Minor? How did architects adapt Greek and Roman architectural forms in the Principate? What were the favored forms of architecture? Why were healing and oracular shrines so important? How did sanctuaries such as Hierapolis evolve into true cities? What was the importance of patronage of the imperial family or senatorial families? What did the cult of Glycon indicate about religious expectations in the Roman age?

Reports:

1. The Architecture of Temples and Sanctuaries in the Roman Age: What were the styles of temples commonly employed? Did temples of the Roman age display a baroque flair? Why did Hellenized temples gain such prominence?

Robertson, Greek and Roman Architecture, pp. 213-230

Akurgal, Civilizations and Ruins of Ancient Turkey, pp. 20-36

2. The Ascelpieion and Aelius Aristides: How did the sanctuary evolve in the Hellenistic and Roman ages? What were the main functions of such buildings as the theater or incubation rooms? How did the surroundings promote healing? What does Aelius Aristides reveal about the expectations of pilgrims?

Aelius Aristides, Sacred Tales, ed. by C. Behr, pp. 23-49, 249-50, and 263-266

Akurgal, Civilizations and Ruins of Ancient Turkey, pp. 105-111

Cimonk, Pergamum, pp. 74-87

3. The Oracular Shrines of Didyma and Clarus: How did oracular sanctuaries function? Why were oracles so popular? How did the architecture of Didyma evolve?

Fonterose, Didyma, BL2320.F66, pp. 1-105

Parke, Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor, BL820.A7.P37, pp. 112-170 (Clarus)

4. Wonder of the Ancient World: The Artemision at Ephesus: What accounted for the popularity of this cult? What were the building phases of the temple?

Koester, Ephesos, pp. 81-118 and 141-156

Foss, Ephesus, pp. 30-34

Akurgal, Civilizations and Ruins of Ancient Turkey, pp. 147-154

5. From Sanctuary to City: Hierapolis: How did this shrine evolve from a cult center to the Anatolian god of springs, Lairbenus (Hellenized as Apollo) into a city in the Roman age? What were the principal monuments gained from imperial patronage?

Akurgal, Civilizations and Ruins of Ancient Turkey, p. 175-177

Bean, Turkey, Beyond the Maeander, pp. 274-276

Johnston, "Hierapolis Revisited," NC 144 (1984), 52-80

6. The Temple of Aphrodite at Aphrodisias: How did the sanctuary gain favor with Rome? What was the development of this temple? How were the fortunes of cult and city linked in the Roman age?

Erim and Smith, Aprhodisias Papers 1 (1990), pp. 3741 and 66-74

Erim, Aphrodisias

7. Imperial Cult Temples at Ephesus and Pergamum: How did imperial cult temples appear to the visitor? Did they differ markedly from other sanctuaries? Did this architecture inspire awe or belief?

Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 133-169

Akurgal, Civilizations and Ruins of Ancient Turkey, pp. 164-165

Cimok, Pergamum, pp. 17-22 & Radt, Pergamon, pp. 15-16

8. Hellenizing the Anatolian Mother Goddess: What were the appeals of this indigenous cults to Magna Mater "Great Mother"? Was the worship of Cybele irrational and unclassical? How was the cult dignified by Hellenic ritual and buildings?

Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults, pp. 12-29 & 89-116.

Vermaseren, Cybele and Attis, pp. 71-125

Duthroy, Taurobolium, pp. 61-121

9. Hellenizing the Anatolian Weather Gods: How were local storm gods assimilated to Zeus? How were other male divinities such as Men or Lairbenus Hellenized?

. Lane, Corpus Monumentorum Menis, vol. 3, BL2290.L35

Drew-Bear, Phrygian Votive Steles, pp. 26-50

10. Glycon and Alexander of Abonouteichus: What does Alexander's career suggest about the religious expectations of pagans in the second century A.D.? What does it indicate about oracles? Why did his new god Glycon become a popular one in Anatolia?

Lucian, Life of Alexander, LCL, vol. 4, pp. 173-254

MacMullen, Enemies of Roman Order, pp. 95-120

Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 241-61

• JEWS AND CHRISTIANS FROM SAINT PAUL TO CONSTANTINE

Readings:

Paul, Letters to the Galatians

Acts of the Apostles

Brown, Body and Society, pp. 33-102 & 140-160 (on reserve)

Mitchell, Anatolia vol II, pp. 11-52

Questions: How significant were Jewish communities in Asia Minor? What were the relations between Jews and pagans? Who were the first converts to Christianity? What were the appeals of the New Faith? Why were Anatolian churches so important in the development of episcopal institutions and the creation of canon? By what means was Christianity disseminated? How many Christians dwelled in Asia Minor in 325 A.D.?

Reports:

1. The Jewish Communities of Asia Minor: What was the extent of Jewish settlement in Asia Minor? How well integrated were Jews in Hellenic city life?

Trebilco, Jewish Communities in Asia Minor, pp. 5-19, 37-55, 104-190

Reynolds and Tannenbaum, Jews and Godfearers SA135.T82.A637 (1987)

2. The Synagogues of Sardes and Dura-Europos. What do these synagogues reveal about Jewish worship and aesthetics in the Roman age? How did Jewish painting and architecture offer models for later Christian visual arts?

Greenwalt, Sardis, pp.168-190

Kraabel, "Hypastios and Synagogue at Sardis," GRBS 10 (1969), 81-93

Kraeling, Dura Final Report VIII. 1: Synagogue, pp. 322-363

White, Building God's House, pp. 60-101

3. St. Paul and the First Anatolian Christians: By what appeals did Paul and his associates reach out to converts? Who were the first converts? How were early churches organized?

Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 265-335

Consult Harnack, Mission & Expansion, vol. 1, pp. 102-249

4. Martyrs and Conversion: Was the blood of martyrs the seeds of the church? How did pagans react to martyrdoms?

Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution, pp. 77-103 & 389-439

Hopkins, "Murderous Games," in Death and Renewal, pp. 1-30

5. The Emergence of Monarchial Bishops: How did the position of bishop evolve from the time of St. Ignatius of Antioch to that of St. Polycarp? Why did powerful bishops emerged. When did bishops base their claims to apostolic authority?

Corwin, Ignatius & Antioch, pp. 52-88

Chadwick, "Silence of Bishops," HTR 43 (1950), 169-72

Brown & Meier, Antioch & Rome, pp. 73-84

5. The Formation of the New Testament: Why was the fixing so important for apostolic churches? Why and when were the books of the New Testament selected? How important was this selection to a the creation of a Christian identity?

Grant, Formation of New Testament

Frend, Rise of Christianity, pp. 134-146

6. Montanus and the New Prophecy: What were the appeals of Montanus? How were the Montanists rigorists? What sort of challenge did Montanists pose to the apostolic churches? How were they the legitimate heirs of the earliest Christian views of the Apocalypse?

Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 375-418

Calder, "Phil. & Montanism," BJRL 7 (1922-23), 309-54

Ford, "Montanism a Heresy?" JEH 17 (1966), 145-58

7. Funerary Monuments and Christian Conversion in Phrygia: What do the Christian funerary monuments reveal about the numbers and ranks of Christians in Anatolia prior to 325 A.D.? How should such monuments be interpreted?

Gibson, Christians for Christians, pp. 1-9 & 125-146

Mitchell, Anatolia, vol II, pp. 53-64

Harl, "Christians in Central Anatolia in the Third Century," AAH, May 1998 (typescript)

• FROM ROMAN TO BYZANTINE ASIA MINOR, 235-500 A.D.

Readings:

Brown, Power and Persuasion

Cameron, Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, pp. 1-102 & 52-125

Mitchell, Anatolia I, pp. 227-240

Hanfmann, From Croesus to Constantine, pp. 75-97

Questions: How did political crisis and inflation alter Classical Asia Minor? What was the impact of the reunification of the Roman world under the Christian emperor Constantine in 325? How did Christian emperors, bishops, and ascetics promote the Christianization of Asia Minor? How were cities remodeled along Christian lines? What was the point of converting a temple into a church?

Reports:

1. Anatolia during Imperial Crisis and Recovery, 235-305: How did imperial crisis 235-284 transform life in Anatolian cities? Did the Classical city and pagan cults suffer irreversible decline? How did Diocletian's reforms affect cities of Asia Minor?

Harl, Civic Coins & Civic Politics, pp. 38-92

Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, pp. 115-185

2. Anatolia under Christian Emperors: How did Roman emperors advance Christianity in Asia Minor? What was the importance of Constantinople as the New Christian Rome?

Mitchell, Anatolia II, pp. 73-121

MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, pp. 43-101.

3. Bishops as City Patrons: How did bishops take over the role of patrons in cities? How much continuity with the pagan elites?

Cameron, "Images of Authority," P & P

Whittow, "Ruling Cities," P & P 129 (1990), 3-29

Herrin, "Ideals of Charity," in Church & Peoples, pp. 151-64

Jones, "Church Finances," JTS n.s. 11 (1960), 84-94

4. Ascetics and Miracles: What role did holy men play in converting Asia Minor? What sorts of miracles were performed by St. Theodore of Skyeon? Why did Stylite ("pillar") saints inspired belief?

Mitchell, Anatolia, II, pp. 122-150

Brown, "Rise of Holy Men," JRS 61 (1971), 80-101

Harvey, Asecticism & Society, pp. 1-27 & 43-56

5. Women Saints & Social Change What new roles were available to pious Christian women? Why was the shrine of St. Thecla at Seleucia so revered? How many assumed these roles? How were they viewed by society?

Brown, Body & Society, pp. 5-33 & 428-448

Clark, Ascetic Piety & Women's Faith, pp. 23-60

Harvey, Asceticism & Society, pp. 108-133

6. Rewriting Public Space: Ephesus. How was Ephesus reoriented into a Christian city in 325-500 A.D.

Koester, Ephesos, pp. 311-340

Foss, Ephesus in Late Antiquity, pp. 1-106

7. From Temple to Church (Aphrodisias, Diocaesarea, Neapolis). How were temples converted into churches? When did such actions occur? How did such transformations uphold the New Faith at the expense of the old gods?

Erim & Smith, Aphrodisias Papers 1 (1990), p. 75-88

Cormack, "Byz. Aphrodisias," PCPS 216 (1990), 29-41

Fowden, "Bihops & Temples," JTS n.s. 29 (1978), 53-78

8. The Alahan Complex: What was the purpose of this ecclesiastical complex? Was it a monastic community or a country church? What accounts for the location of this shrine? How is the Alahan similar to other country churches in Isauria, Cappadocia & Lycia?

Gough, Alahan, NA5968.A28.A424

Hill, "Alahan and Da Pazar," in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 315-338

Harrison, "Churches and Chapels of Lycia, " Ana. Stud. 13 (1963),117-151

• CONSTANTINOPLE IN THE AGE OF JUSTINIAN

Readings:

Cameron, Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, pp.104-151 & 176-200

Kitzinger, Making of Byzantine Art, pp. 2-98

Questions: What was Justinian's vision of his mission to restore the Roman order? How did he pursue this vision in politics, religion, legislation, and arts? Why did the cities of Asia Minor acquire a decidedly Christian identity by Justinian's reign? How important was the development of Christian ceremony, arts, and aesthetics? How important were imperial building programs of the sixth century in promoting new styles of architecture and the Christian message? How did Christians transform decorative arts (ivory, silver work, enamels, textiles), mosaics, and paintings to express their religious message?

Reports:

1. Justinian & the Ideology of Reconquest: How did Justinian envision himself as the New Constantine? Could he have implemented the reconquest of the western provinces?

Moorhead, Justinian, pp. 10-115

2. Justinian & Religious Reconciliation: What were the issues dividing Orthodox Christians and Monophysites at the Council of Chalcedon in 451? What were the divisions between Pope and Patriarch? How did Justinian expect to achieve religious unity? Was reunification possible?

Meyendorff, Imperial Unity, Christian Division, pp. 165-250

Frend, Rise of the Monophysite Movement, pp.143-295

3. The New Rome, 324-565 A.D.: How did emperors create a Christian capital between the reigns of Constantine (306-337) and Justinian (527-565)? What was the role of the imperial palace, hippodrome, and great imperial churches? How was the city developed into a ceremonial capital?

Rice, Constantinople, pp. 24-95

Downey, Constantinople, pp. 14-42 & 147-171

Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals, pp. 41-68

4. The Theodosian Walls, Cisterns, and Aqueducts: How strongly was Constantinople protected by the Theodosian Walls? What was the capacity of Constantinople to withstand sieges? How extensive was the system of supplying water and provisions to the city?

Rice, Constantinople, pp. 24-38

Van Millingen, A., Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls (London, 1899), on ILL

5. Hagia Sophia How did Isidore and Anthemius perfect the use of the dome and arches? How did architecture reflect the Christian message and liturgy? Why was Hagia Sophia the prototype for later centrally planned churches?

Mainstone, Hagia Sophia, pp. 145-261

K. McVey, "Domed Church," DOP 37 (1983), 81-121

6. Hagia Irene, and SS. Sergius and Bacchus How innovative were these churches? What was their architectural relationship to Hagia Sophia?

T. F. Matthews, Early Churches of Constantinople, pp. 42-175

7. The Churches of Anatolia What were the plans of S. Philip the Evangelist at Hierapolis and St. John's at Ephesus? What do these churches suggest about the opulence and impact of city churches of Anatolian cities (as opposed to converting pagan shrines into modest churches? How do they compare to the churches of Constantinople?

Matthews, Early Churches of Constantinople, pp. 105-175

Foss, Ephesus, pp. 46-95

8. Birth of Byzantine Mosaics What were the changes in techniques between Classical and Christian mosaic work? What were the religious aims of Christian mosaicists? How did depiction of figures in religious art change in 400-600? Why were the mosaics at Ravenna in Justinian's reign regarded as a masterpiece of synthesis?

Demus, Byzantine Mosaic Decoration, pp. 3-51

Hirmer and Volbach, Early Christian Art, plates 140-173.

Lehmann, "Dome of Heaven," Art Bulletin 27 (1945), 1f

• THE CHRISTIAN CITADEL, 610-1025

Readings:

Whittow, Making of Byzantium, pp.38-193 and 310-390

Questions: What were the crucial changes in state and society during the Byzantine Dark Age (610-843)? What does archaeology reveal about the fate of late Antique cities during the ear of invasions? Why did Byzantine power revive under the Macedonian emperors? What were the religious and economic foundations of this Byzantine society?

Reports:

1. Orthodox Emperors vs., Caliphs, 634-863: What accounted for the initial success of Muslim armies? Why did Umyyad and Abbasid armies fail to conquer Anatolia? How did emperors from Heraclius (610-641) to Michael III (842-867) confront the crisis?

Whittow, Making of Byzantium, pp. 96-193

Oman, History of Art of War, vol 1,, pp. 171-228

2. From Polis to Kastron: Civic Life in Asia Minor Why did the imperial government maintain control over Anatolia? How did Persian and Arabic Wars transform civic life in Anatolia? How did cities become militarized? What enabled cities such as Amorium to survive and flourish?

Foss, "Persians," EHR 90 (1975), 721-747

Foss, "Archaeology," AJA 81 (1977), 469-486

Mango, Byzantium, pp. 60-87

Lightfoot, "Amorion," in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 301-314

3. Macedonian Recovery, 867-1025: How did the Macedonian emperors from Basil I (867-886) to Basil II (976-1025) exploit Muslim disunity to secure their eastern frontiers? What were the institutional and military advantages?

Whittow, Making of Byzantium, pp. 310-390

4. Economic and Demographic Recovery, 825-1100: Why factors led to the recovery of prosperity and revival of cities? How important was commerce to the Byzantine economy? Were markets monetized? How was the arable expanded to meet rising population?

Harvey, Economic Expansion, pp. 35-79 & 198-243

Magdalino, Empire of Manuel, pp. 140-171

Mango, Byzantium: New Empire of Rome, pp. 60-87

5. Digenes Akrites: Martial Ethos on the Borderlands: How does the epic Digenes Akrites reflect the martial ethos of the "borderers" (akritai)? What was the nature of warfare in Medieval Anatolia?

Mavrogovdemo, Digenes Akrites

6. Iconoclastic Controversy (726-843): Why did the emperor Leo III issue his edict against the veneration of icons? What were the main issues raised by the Iconoclastic emperors?

Brown, "A Dark Age Crisis," EHR

Kitzinger, "Cult Images," DOP 8 (1959), 83ff.

Sahas, Icon and Logos, pp. 1-24

7. Monks and Monasticism in Byzantine Society How important were monastic foundations in promoting Christianity in the countryside in the fifth and sixth centuries? Why were peasants impressed by monks and so would consider the new faith? Why would monastic foundations be a target for Iconoclastic emperors?

Trombley, "Monastic Foundations," GOTR 30 (1985), 65-90

Charanis, "Monks in Society," DOP 25 (1971), 61-84

8. Demons & Magic in Dark Age Byzantium: What were popular perceptions of demons and magic? Why did so many peasants perceive the world in such dark terms? Did the population of the Roman world become ever more superstitious with the decline of belief in the old gods in 400-700? Did barbarian invasions and plague contribute to the rise in fear of malevolent beings during the Byzantine Dark Age?

Mango, Byzantium, pp. 149-176 & 189-217

Vikan, "Art, Medicine & Magic," DOP 38 (1984), 65-84

Magoulias, "Lives of Saints," Byzantion 37 (1967), 227-269

• MIDDLE BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION

Readings:

Runicman, Byzantine Style and Civilization, pp. 45-212

Ousterhout, "Apologia for Byzantine Architecture," Gesta 35 (1998), 21-33

Questions: How conscious were Byzantines of their classical past? How much did the orthodox faith inspire literary and visual arts? How did the restoration of the icons in 843 generate a new wave of religious arts. What was the role of emperors in promoting arts? What was the function and symbolism of architecture and decorative arts in orthodox worship? What is the importance of the Middle Byzantine paintings from Cappadocia? How is the Church of the Savior in Chora a typical masterpiece of later Byzantine art?

Reports:

1. Orthodox Christianity and Culture, 600-1100 A.D.: How important was ecclesiastical patronage for arts and letters? Imperial patronage? How conscious were Byzantine of their Classical heritage? Why was philosophy and rhetoric favored?

Hussey, Church & Learning, pp. 1-36 & 51-72

Maguire, Art & Eloquence, pp. 9-21 & 109-112

Browning, "Enlightenment," P & P 69 (1975), 2-23

Browning, "Patriarchal School," Byzantion 32 (1962), 157-202 & 33 (1963, 11-40

2. The Triumph of the Image: Icons in Art and Worship. What led to the proliferation of icons after the 843? What were the purposes of icons in worship? How did icons come to characterize orthodox worship and religious art from the ninth through thirteenth centuries?

Belting, Likeness & Presence, pp. 30-46 & 109-143

Rice, Byzantine Art, pp. 358-88

Mango, Byzantine Art, pp. 210-215

Grabar, Byz. & Early Med. Painting, pp. 1-28

3. Imperial Mosaics of the Hagia Sophia What was the technique and iconography of the imperial mosaics in the Macedonian and Comnenian eras? How was the emperor or empress depicted?

Kahler, Hagia Sophia, ARCH. LIB NA5678.A9.K33, pp. 47-60

Beckwith, Christ. & Byz. Art, pp. 202-83

Rice, Constantinople, pp. 96-105

4. The Rock Churches of the Peristrema Valley: How did the provincials in Cappadocia adapt orthodox religious and artistic traditions to their surroundings and needs? What were the unique features of the architecture and frescoes in c. 850-1070?

Wharton, Art of Empire, pp. 13-52

Kostof, Caves of God, pp. 143-230

5. The Churches of Göreme: How did the provincials in Cappadocia adapt orthodox religious and artistic traditions to their surroundings and needs? What were the unique features of the architecture and frescoes in c. 850-1070?

Wharton, Art of Empire, pp. 13-52

Kostof, Caves of God, pp. 143-230

Sahin, Paintings of the Dark Church

6. The Church of the Savior in Chora (Kariye Camii): Why are the mosaics and frescoes the epitome of the orthodox message? What are the main cycles depicted in the exonarthex, narthex, and pareccelesion? What new directions in art are suggested by the workmanship and themes of the paintings and mosaics?

Underwood, Kariye Djarmi, NA5870.K345, vol. 1, pp. 3-149 & 187-222

• BYZANTINES, CRUSADERS AND SELJUK TURKS

Readings:

Runciman, History of the Crusades vol. I, pp. 3-265

Runciman, Fall of Constantinople, pp. 1-21

Questions: What led to the rapid decline of Byzantine power after 1025? How did the heirs of Basil II fail to administer the empire or to confront new threats? Why did the Seljuk Turkomen tribes overrun Anatolia so quickly after the Battle of Manzikert? Did Alexius I (1081-1118) and his heirs pull off a political recovery with the help of Western Crusaders? Why did Byzantines and Crusaders clash? How did the behavior and aims of members of the First Crusade set the tone of Byzantine-Crusader relations?

Reports:

1. The Heirs of Basil II: Imperial Collapse, 1025-1071: Why was there a dynastic crisis in 1025-1056? Why did emperors in 1056-1081 fail to establish their legitimacy? Why did dynastic weakness spell the demise of imperial power?

Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Emperors, pp.

Charanis, "Byzantium in the Eleventh Century," in History of Crusades I, pp. 177-219

2. The Seljuk Conquest of Byzantine Asia Minor: What accounted for the conquest of Anatolia by Turkomens after the Battle of Manzikert? Did the loss of Asia Minor spell disaster for imperial power? What limited Byzantine efforts to reconquer the peninsula? How did Turkomen trbies settle in Asia Minor?

Magdalino, Empire of Manuel, pp. 123-137 & 150-171

Vryonis, Decline of Hellenism, pp. 141-194

Hendy, Studies in Byzantine Monetary Economy, pp. 108-131

3. Alexius I and the Comnenian Recovery: How did Alexius I consolidate his control over Constantinople and the empire? Did he and his heirs, John II (1118-1143) and Manuel ( (1143-1180) pursue sound policies for the recovery of Asia Minor? What were the limitations of the Comnenian revival?

Magdalino, Manuel I, pp. 27-108 and 180-227

4. Crusaders in the Byzantine Empire: What were the aims of the members of the First Crusade? Did the main leaders (Bohemond, Raymond, Godfrey, Baldwin) deal honestly with Alexius I? How did the march from Nicaea to Antioch alter the perceptions and aims of Crusaders?

Anna Comnena, Alexiad, bks. 10 & 11

5. Byzantine Perceptions of Western Co-Religionists: How did Byzantines view the Crusaders? Did they comprehend the need for pilgrimage? In what ways could the Byzantines profit from contact with the Western Europeans?

Anna Comnena, Alexiad, bks. 10 & 11

6. The Sack of 1204: How did Byzantine weakness invite Crusader attack? What were the consequences for Asia Minor of the conquest by members of the Fourth Crusade?

Queller, Fourth Crusade, pp. 1-148

7. Nicene Emperors and Orthodox Salvation: What advantages did the Nicene emperors enjoy to make good their claim to be the heirs of orthodox imperial power? How well did they secure their Anatolian hinterland? Did the Mongol invasion of 1243 that shattered Seljuk power enable the reconquest of the capital? Did Michael VIII mortgage his Anatolian realm for the capture of the capital in 1261?

Angold, Byz. Govt. in Exile, pp. 9-36, 46-59, 97-120, and 182-238

Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael, pp. 75-118

• ISLAMIZATION OF ANATOLIA, 1100-1450

Readings:

Itzkowtiz, Ottoman Empire, pp. 3-24

Runciman, Fall of Constantinople, pp. 22-48

Questions: How extensive was Turkish migration into Anatolia from the eleventh through fourteenth centuries? How were the Christian populations assimilated? How did artists create new architectural and decorative arts to accommodate Muslim worship in Anatolia? Why did the sultanate of Rum at Konya fail to unify the peninsula? What was the impact of the Mongol invasions? Why did the Ottoman sultans emerge as the leading power by 1450?

Reports:

1. Turkomen Sultans and Emirs, 1078-1243: What Turkish states emerged on Anatolian soil in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries? Did these states live in the cultural shadow of Byzantium? How did Turkish rulers draw on Turkomen tribes and Muslim immigrants to fashion new states?

Cahn, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 61-142 & 269-316

2. The First Ottoman Sultans: Why did the Ottoman sultans emerge as the leading power in Muslim Anatolia in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries? What were the sources of military and economic power of the first sultans?

Shaw, History of Ottoman Empire & Turkey, vol. 1, pp. 12-54

Inalck, Ottoman Empire, Classical Age, pp. 89-120

3. Commerce and Caravansaray: Why were the caravansaray so important to the rising prosperity of Turkish Anatolia? How did they function? How did trade and striking of silver and bronze currencies stimulate economic growth?

Cahn, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 143-216 & 317-341

Spufford, Money and Its Use, pp. 209-266

4. The Melvana and the Conversion of Anatolia: How did the career of Jalal al-Din Rumi, "Melvana,"(1207-1273) lead to the conversion of Anatolia to Islam? What were the appeals of Sufi Islam? How important were did economic and social factors contribute to in the Turkification and Islamization of Asia Minor in 1070-1350?

Setton, History of the Crusades vol. 2, pp. 661-692

Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 110-142

Vryonis, Decline of Med. Hellenism, pp. 223-244 & 351-402

5. The Seljuk Mosque, Medresse and Türbe: How did the Seljuk Turks forge a unique architecture in Anatolia and Transcaucasia to accommodate the needs of Muslim worship? What were the first mosques (cami) in Asia Minor? What was the medresse? Why were türbeler and tekkeler (monuments to pious Muslims) so important in Islamizing the countryside?

: Tamara Rice, Seljuks in Asia Minor, pp. 81-156

Rogers, Çifte Minare Medresse and Gök Medresse," Anatolian Studies 15 (1965), 63-85

6. Seljuk Decorative Arts: In what decorative arts did the Seljuk Turks excel? How much did they owe to their nomadic origins, Persian arts, and even Christian influences?

Tamara Rice, Seljuks in Asia Minor, pp. 157-188

Cahn, Pre-Ottoman Turkey, pp. 298-361

7. Bursa, Capital of Ottoman Sultans: How did Bursa evolve as the major Ottoman capital in the fourteenth century? Why were the Yeil Cami ("Green Mosque") Yeil Türbe hailed as masterpieces of early Ottoman architecture?

Goodman, Ottoman Architecture, ARCH LIB. NA1364.G6, pp. 34-91

8. Alanya, Turkish Fortress: How was Alanya fortified? What does the architecture reveal about the sophistication of Turkish craftsmen by 1400? What did the Turks owe to Byzantine methods of Fortifiation?

Rogers, "Survey of Alanya," in Ancient Anatolia, pp. 367-378

Dörtlük, Alanya

Foss, Byzantine Fortifications, An Introduction, UG400.F59 (1986)

• OTTOMAN IMPERIAL CIVILIZATION

Readings:

Runciman, S., The Fall of Constantinople, pp. 49-192

Itzkowtiz, Ottoman Empire, pp. 24-109

Questions: What accounted for the dramatic rise of Ottoman power between the reigns of Mehmet II (1451-1481) and Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)? How was Istanbul transformed into a Turkish capital? What was the impact of the building programs of Suleiman and Selim II (1566-1574)?

Reports:

1. Mehemt the Conqueror: How did Mehmet II forge the Ottoman Empire? Why were the captures of Constantinople and Trebizond so vital to the security of this new empire? How important was Anatolia to the emerging Ottoman Porte?

Babinger, Mehmet the Conqueror,.pp. 75-203 & 491-511

Shaw, History of Ottoman Empire & Turkey, vol. 1, pp. 41-54

2. Ottoman Zenith: From Sultan to Caliph (1481-1566): What were the main aims of Ottoman expansion? Why did the Ottoman sultans place such a priority on the capture of Baghdad and Cairo?

Shaw, History of Ottoman Empire & Turkey, vol. 1, pp. 55-166

3. Administering the Ottoman Empire: How was the Ottoman empire administered? Who were the crucial officials (civil and military)? Why did the Ottoman sultan-caliphs draw upon slaves to staff bureaucratic posts? Why did the Janissaries emerge as a leading power? What were the seeds of institutional decline after 1600?

Inalck, Ottoman Empire, Classical Age, pp. 55-164

Inalck, Studies in Eco. & Soc. History of Ottoman Empire, HC492.I52, chapter VI

4. Istanbul: Development of the Turkish City: How was Istanbul rebuilt into a Turkish Muslim city from the mid-fifteenth through early eighteenth centuries? What was the ceremonial purpose of Topkapi and the great imperial mosques?

Rice, Constantinope, pp. 130-186

Feeley, Istanbul, pp. 181-220

5. Imperial Mosques: The Genius of Sinan: How did Sinan adapt the Byzantine domed church to Muslim mosque? Why is the Süleymaniye and Selimiye Camii hailed as his masterpieces?

Curan, Sinan, pp. 23-34, 75-110, and 163-179

6. Topkapi Palace, Seat of the Porte: How did the palace complex evolve over the course of the Classical Ottoman period? What were its ceremonial functions?

Necipolu, The Topaki Palace, ARCH. LIB NA1370.N43 (1991), pp. 3-76, 110-123 & 242-258

• KEMAL ATATURK AND THE TURKISH REPUBLIC

Readings:

Kinross, Kemal Ataturk

Questions: Why did the Ottoman Empire decline in the eighteenth century? What was th impact of the French Revolution and Western technological change on institutions of the Ottoman state? When did the Ottoman Empire become the "Sick Man of Europe"? Why did modern reform, Tanzimat, in 1839-1876 fail to revive Ottoman power? What was the impact of the rise of nationalism? How did the First World War undermine Ottoman institutions? Why did Kemal Ataturk emerge as the founder of modern Turkey?

Reports:

1. The Sick Man of Europe: Why did Ottoman power wane in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? How important were dynastic turmoil, breakdown of administration, and the impact of Western European powers?

Shaw, Ottoman Empire and Turkey, vol. 1, pp. 207-300

Lewis, Emergence of Turkey, pp. 21-74

2. Rising Nationalism: How did nationalism among the orthodox peoples of the Balkans, Armenians, and ultimately the Arabs undermine Ottoman authority? How did these new perceptions lead to the creation of a Turkish identity?

Shaw, Ottoman Empire and Turkey, vol. 2, pp. 141-152 and 199-211

Tupçay and Zücker, Socialism & Nationalism, pp. 17-26, 77-88, and 109-156

Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, pp. 233-250

3. Ottoman Reform: Why did the selective adoption of Western military technology, and then a constitution fail to produce the revival of Ottoman power? What were the dangers of reform to traditional Ottoman society? How did the First World War undermine reform of the Ottoman caliphate?

Shaw, Ottoman Empire and Turkey, vol. 2, pp.172-288 & 313-334

Lewis, Emergence of Turkey, pp. 74-175

4. Kemal Ataturk, Savior of the Nation: Does Ataturk deserve the credit as the hero for the "War of Independence" (1918-1923)? What was the turning point in the struggle for founding a Turkish Republic?

Shaw, Ottoman Empire and Turkey, vol. 2, pp.340-373

Lewis, Emergence of Turkey, pp. 210-294

5. Kemal Ataturk, Architect of the Turkish Republic: How did Ataturk and his associates rewrite the social, economic, and political foundations of Turkey? How successful was his creation of a secular Muslim state based on a Turkish identity? Was Ataturk the true architect of modern Turkey?

Lewis, Emergence of Turkey, pp. 323-488