ARSACID KINGS OF PARTHIA, 67 B.C.-80 A.D.
| Phraates III (c. 70-57 B.C.) |
| Orodes II (c. 57-38 B.C.) |
| Mithridates III (c. 57-55 B.C.)* |
| Phraates IV (38-2 B.C.) |
| Tiridates II (c. 26 B.C.), pretender in Mesopotamia* |
| Phraataces = Phraates V (2 B.C.-4 A.D.) |
| Orodes III (4-7/8 A.D.) |
| Vonones I (c. 8-11/12 A.D.)* |
| Artabanus III (11/12-38 A.D.) |
| Phraates VI (35)* |
| Tiridates III (35-36)* |
| Gotarzes II (38-51)** |
| Vardanes II (39-47) |
| Vonones II (51) |
| Vologeses I (51-78) |
*Roman backed pretenders to the Parthian throne
**Gotarzes II favored by Rome against "national" candidates Vardanes II and Vonones II.
SELECT CLIENT KINGS OF THE ROMAN EAST AND AFRICA
(1) Kings of Armenia
| Artavasdes I (56-34 B.C.), deposed by Mark Antony |
| Artaxes (33-20 B.C.) |
| Tigranes II (20-8/7 B.C.), nominated by Augustus; deposed in revolt |
| Tigranes III (8/7 B.C.-1 A.D.) |
| Artavasdes II (3-1 B.C.), Roman backed pretender |
| Ariobarzanes of Media (2-6 A.D.), imposed by Gaius Caesar |
| Tigranes IV (7/8 A.D.?), nominated by Augustus; quickly deposed |
| Erato, widow of Tigranes III, overthrown (7/8 A.D.?) |
| Interregnum: c. 8-18 A.D.; exiled King Vonones I of Parthia dominated Armenia c. 11/12-16 A.D. |
| Artaxias III (18-c. 34 A.D.), crowned by Germanicus |
| Arsaces (c. 34-36 A.D.), Parthian candidate |
| Mithridates of Iberia (36-51); imprisoned by Gaius, 37-41 |
| Radamistus (51), usurper |
| Tiridates 51-73), Parthian candidate; expelled by Corbulo in 60-62, but restored in 63 and crowned by Nero at Rome in 66 |
| Tigranes V (60-62), Roman candidate |
(2) Kings of Bosporus (Crimea)
| Pharnaces II (63-47 B.C.), King of Pontus and Bosporus |
| Asander (c. 47-17 B.C.), seized throne; married Dynamis (daughter of Pharnaces II); recognized by Rome |
| Scribonius (17-16 B.C.) |
| Polemo I (16-8 B.C.), King of Pontus & ruled by marriage to Dymanis |
| Dynamis and Aspurgus (8 B.C.-8 A.D.), joint rule |
| Aspurgus (8-37/8 A.D.), sole rule; given Roman citizenship 13/14 A.D. |
| Polemo II (King of Pontus, 38-41) |
| Gepaepyris and Mithridates (41-45 A.D.) |
| Cotys I (c. 45-63 A.D.), deposed by Nero |
| Bosporus converted into Roman province (c. 63-68 A.D.) |
| Rhescuporis I (68-90 A.D.), restored kingdom |
(3) Kings of Pontus
| Mithridates VI Eupator (120-63 B.C.) |
| Pharnaces II (63-47 B.C.) |
| Interregnum: Roman administration (47-36 B.C.) |
| Polemo I (36-8 B.C.; King of Bosporus 17-8 B.C.) |
| Pythodoris (8 B.C.-22/3 A.D.) |
| Antonia Tryphaena (22/3-49 A.D.) |
| Polemo II (38-64/5 A.D.; King of Bosporus 38-41 A.D.) |
| Pontus annexed as province 64/5 A.D. |
(4) Kings of Thrace
| Cotys I (c. 31-25 B.C.?) |
| Rhescuporis (c. 25-11 B.C.) |
| Rhoemetalces I (11 B.C.-12 A.D.), regent of Rhescuporis, who seized the throne; Augustus divided kingdom in 12 A.D. |
| Western Thrace | Eastern Thrace |
| Rhescuporis II (12-19) | Cotys II (12-19) |
| Rhoemetalces II (19-37) | Regency (19-37/8 A.D.) under Trebellenus Rufus (19-37/8) |
| Rhoemetalces III (37/8-46) |
46 A.D. Annexation of Thrace; organized as province.
(5) Nabataean Kings of Arabia Petraea
| Malichus I (c. 58/7-30 B.C.) |
| Obodas III (c. 30-9 B.C.) |
| Aretas IV, "Aeneas" (9 B.C.-40 A.D.) |
| Malichus II (40-71 A.D.) |
(6) King of Mauretania
| Bocchus III (c. 49-33 B.C.) |
| Roman administration, 33-25 B.C. |
| Juba II (25 B.C.-23 A.D.), son of Juba I of Numidia (60-46 B.C.) and granted kingdom by Augustus; married to Cleopatra Selene (daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII) |
| Ptolemy II (23-40 A.D.); murdered by Caligula. |
| Two provinces Mauretania Caesariensis and Tingitana organized in 41 A.D. |