THE BIRDS OF SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA

ORDER Anseriformes

FAMILY Anatidae SWANS, GEESE, DUCKS

FULVOUS WHISTLING-DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor) Casual winter visitor

Although the Fulvous Whistling Duck (formerly "Tree-Duck") is a common summer resident of the rice fields of south-central and southwest Louisiana, it is rarely encountered this far east. Except for an undated December record of a bird shot near Labranche in the early 1970's (fide RJS), this species went unrecorded from 1934 until February 1978. The records are Jan. 22, 1870, New Orleans (fide HCO); Oct. 1892, Lake Catherine (fide GEBin HCO); Jan. 1900, Rigolets (fide GEB in HCO); Nov. 2, 1934, in the delta (AD--captured); Feb. 12-14?, 1978 New Orleans (JW,m.ob.--45) and Mar. 12, 1978, White Kitchen (MM,NN,JR,RDP--45), almost certainly the same flock; ....at Venice. (NN,RDP, GC); Sep. 9, 1990 Bayou Sauvage? (JHa); Dec. 23, 1990 Orleans Parish (DM--).....; Dec. 26, 1992, New Orleans (RH,JHa--13)....

BLACK-BELLIED WHISTLING DUCK (Dendrocygna autumnalis) Accidental

The first record of this specie in SE Louisiana was of one killed by a hunter in St. Charles Parish on Nov. 28, 1983 (fide RJS). It became increasingly common in southwestern Louisiana, where free-flying flocks from Rockefeller Refuge have been known for some time. Since about 1990 there have been repeated sightings of Black-bellied Whistling Ducks on or near the Mississippi R. upstream from New Orleans (PY, NLN. RDP), usually between the Huey Long and Hale Boggs Bridges, but at least as far downriver as Audubon Park. “Hundreds” have been seen flying from Audubon Zoo across and upriver (fide RDP, CB) in 2004. Reportedly, they have nested on Monsanto Chemical property on the West Bank of the river, in the area mentioned above, and recent records from the Recovery I area of Bayou Sauvage NWR including 4-5 broods on ...September 2004 document nesting there (PW,DM,MM,RDP,et al).

TUNDRA SWAN (Cygnus columbianus) Casual winter visitor

There are eight records of Tundra Swan (previously Whistling Swan) from Southeastern Louisiana. Although not all of the sight records can definitely be assigned to this species (rather than the next), it is more than reasonable to assume that they all are of C. columbianus. The known records are Jan. 15, 1933, Main Pass (WEN--3, 1*); Dec. 18, 1960, Bosco (fide JLH); Jan. 30-31, .... , Rigolets (SAG); Dec. 31, 1977, New Orleans (JK, et al) and Jan. 14, 1978 (MH), presumably the same individual; Dec. 14, 1980, Gheens, an individual caught in a Nutrea trap and brought to Audubon Zoo, where it died; Nov. 22, 1984, Labranche (fide RJS) 12 birds of which one was shot, and the head delivered to Stein; Dec. 2, 1984 to at least Jan. 1, 1985, Madisonville (RDP,DM,MM,NN--3). Photographs of the latter bird (American Birds....) show it to have been a Tundra Swan. Subsequently, two Tundra Swans, assumed to be part of the earlier group, were present near Folsom into February (fide CS), and on April 16, 1999 two swans, assumed to be of this species and definitely not Mutes, were seen at Caminada Pass, Grand Isle (MG,JK).

TRUMPETER SWAN (Cygnus buccinator) FORMERLY

The evidence for the occurrence of this species in Southeastern Louisiana comes from the young swan which Audubon painted in New Orleans and which he claimed was short near Barataria on Dec. 16, 1822 (Ornithological Biography, Vol IV, p. 541). The LOS Bird Records Committee has recently reaffirmed the status of the Trumpeter Swan on the Louisiana list, largely because of this record. In Birds of America , Vol. VI, Audubon wrote "At New Orleans, where I made the drawing of the young bird here given, the Trumpeters are frequently exposed for sale in the markets, being procured on the ponds of the interior, and in the great lakes leading to the waters of the Gulf of Mexico." Arthur gives another record for Louisiana, which probably deserves little credence.

GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE (Anser albifrons) Uncommon to rare in winter

Although quite common in southwest Louisiana, the White-fronted Goose is not often encountered in this area. No doubt it is more common than actual records indicate, since few winter trips are made to likely feeding areas--Delta NWR, for example. This species is probably less common than formerly, but has reported increased since the 1950's in southwest Louisiana. White-fronted Geese arrive as early as about Oct. 20 and depart in late March to early April; the earliest fall record is Oct. 13, 1959.

SNOW GOOSE (Chen caerulescens) Common to uncommon in winter in the delta.

Although significant numbers of geese--mostly Snow Geese--winter in southeast Louisiana, they are usually not accessible to the birder without the means to venture well into the marsh to favorite feeding locations. Hundreds, at least, will be seen on a boat trip to Delta NWR. Otherwise, records are simply opportunistic, of small flocks seen amost anywhere below U.S. 90, and especially in fall migration, which takes place from mid-October through November. One can hope to encounter Snow Geese in the Bonnet Carre Spillway or near Grand Isle. In southeast Louisiana the blue morph ("Blue Goose") is considerably more common than the white.

Observers should look for Ross's Geese, which are now being found regularly in southwest Louisiana. .

Expected dates of arrival and departure are October 15 and April 15; the earliest fall date is taken to be Oct. 12, 1986 at Grand Isle (JS), but there is an Aug. 8, 1974 record from Reserve (28???), and a report of a flock at Pass-a-Loutre on Sept. ..., 1994 (fide DM).

ROSS’S GOOSE (Chen rosii) Rare to occasional in winter

There are now six records of this diminutive goose from the area, the first being of one which lingered on the London Ave. canal near UNO from ......... (PY, et al). The other records occurred during the winter of 1998-99: .....in Arabi,..... (DPM), and in City Park on Jan. 24, 1999 (DPM,PY), apparently seen earlier by Lisa Pinter, which was still present into the late spring..... The most recent records are of one in St. Tammany on Nov. 25 (24?), 2000 among Snow Geese (MM), two near Venice on Dec. ...., 2001 (MS,CL), and one at New Orleans on February 15, 2004 (CL,PW). One was in Lafreniere Park, Metairie, in March 2004 (JS, et al), and again in June of that year (JS).

For field marks, see the field guides, but Ross’s Geese are distinctly small, short-necked, and have more rapid wing-beats, when seen in flight. They are not much larger than a Mallard, though they have longer wings. Ross’s Geese also seem to have a predilection for turning up singly in odd situations, with mixed and even domestic waterfowl. They have become quite regular among the huge flocks of Snow Geese in the rice fields of Southwest Louisiana, the frequency of their sighting correlating with the population explosion of Snow Geese. Their scarcity in SE Louisiana is most likely a function of the smaller population of Snow Geese.

BRANT (Branta hernicla) Accidental

There is a single record, of a bird present in New Orleans' City Park Nov. 27-30, 1960 (WJG,SAG,MEL,m.ob.), which was almost certainly the one seen on the New Orleans lakefront in January 1961 (B.Ward). Motion pictures were taken of the City Park bird. There have been two or three records from the rice fields southwest of Lafayette--in company with White-fronted or Canada Geese. There have been at least two recent records from the rice fields of south-central Louisiana.

CANADA GOOSE (Branta canadensis) Occasional to uncommon locally in winter, perhaps regular in delta

While formerly numerous in the delta in winter, Canada Geese now reach Southeastern Louisiana in only small numbers, e.g., approximately 15 at Delta NWR during the winter of 1982-3 (fide Sam Henson). On the other hand, increasing numbers continent -wide and notably in Sw. Louisiana in winter suggest that they will be seen more frequently in the future. Of course domesticated Canada Geese are everywhere, including New Orleans’ City Park, and one may encounter free flying individuals or even flocks which may be non-migratory almost anywhere.

Perhaps typical of earlier numbers is the figure of 1578 recorded on the Delta NWR Christmas Count on Dec. 23, 1940. Audubon wrote that they were "one of the commonest of the geese in the New Orleans markets during the winter." They have reportedly been seen near Madisonville in recent winters (fide Taylor Guste). Other “recent”records are: Oct. 12, 1958, Reserve (RFC); Dec. 24, 1960, Venice (fide SAG); Sep. 18, 1965, New Orleans (JK); Dec. 26, 1983, New Orleans (MM,RDP,et al); .....at New Orleans (NN,RDP,...), though New Orleans records are somewhat suspect, given the domesticated populations.

Canada Goose has now been split into Canada and Cackling Goose (Branta hutchinsii). Seven subspecies of Canada Goose are recognized (including the medium-sized parvipes) and four of Cackling. Richardson’s Cackling Goose (B. h. hutchinsii) probably at least occurs in Sw. Louisiana. It is known (Olberholser) that the nominate subspecies, Branta c. canadensis has occurred in SE. Louisiana..

Aproximate expected dates are October 1 to April 15.

WOOD DUCK (Aix spons) Common denizen of swamps and flooded woodlands

The Wood Duck is a rather common inhabitant of bottomland sloughs and swampy woodlands. Winter populations in Louisiana are greatly increased by the arrive of over half of the Wood Ducks which breed in the interior of the United States (Bellrose, 1976). The maximum concentration known to this writer is 200+ near Madisonville in December 1984.

GREEN-WINGED TEAL (Anas crecca) Common winter vistor

About 600,000 Green-winged Teal (one-fifth of the total population) winter in Louisiana. According to Bellrose (1976), they tend to occur in larger flocks than other species. It is the smallest of North American ducks. Expected dates of occurrence are October 15 to April 5. Extreme dates are Sep. 13, 1975, Reserve (MW,RJS--6) and Apr. 23, 1978, Venice (RDP,NN,MM). Perhaps the largest concentration of Green-winged Teal on record is of 2500 on U.S. 11 on Dec. 10, 1989 (NN,RDP).

AMERICAN BLACK DUCK (Anas rubripes) Rare to occasional winter visitor

The difficulty of distinguishing the Black Duck from the Mottled Duck makes the status of the former uncertain at best, and, along with the apparent rarity of Black Duck in Southeast Louisiana, has led to a paucity of records. There are no recent records that have come to the attention of the writer, but hunter kills probably still occur.. Perhaps the only "reliable" field-mark, in addition to the subjective information given in the field guides, is the rather heavy streaking on the throat, head, and neck. The available records span the period November 5 (1926, at the Rigolets) to March 12 (1966, at Cubit's Gap).

There once was consideranble support for lumping Mallard, Black Duck, and Mottled Duck (the Black Duck hybridizes freely with the Mallard), but the current inclination to “split” has made that less likely.

MOTTLED DUCK (Anas fulvigula) Common resident

The Mottled Duck is a conspicuous inhabitant of the coastal marsh at all seasons, and is usually seen in pairs or in very small groups. It is the only duck likely to be encountered, away from Wood Duck habitat, in mid-summer. The Mottled Duck nests most in Spartina patens meadows and marshes. Studies indicate that it is very sedentary.

There has been a significan increase in numbers recorded on New Orleans CBC's since the mid-1960's.

MALLARD (Anas platyrhynchos) Uncommon to fairly common winter visitor

Although on the order of 400,000 Mallards winter in Louisiana (Bellrose, 1976), the center of concentration is in the west-central part of the state, it is usually less numerous in Se. Louisiana than most of the other puddle ducks. Depending on water conditions, it may be found with other puddle ducks on Bayou Sauvage NW. . Maximum number is 556, on the New Orleans CBC Dec. 26, 1992.

As is true elsewhere, domesticated “mallards” can be found on ponds and lagoons in local parks, in canals, and along the lakefront, where they interbreed with whatever happens along. Expected dates are.....

NORTHERN PINTAIL (Anas acuta) Uncommon to sometimes common winter visitor

Although formerly one of the most common and characteristic puddle ducks of the coastal marsh of Southeast Louisiana, the pintal has declined substantially in the past 20 years. It is, nonetheless, still fairly common, using being present in small numbers when there are large concentrations of puddle ducks. Its numbers also fluctuate considerably--it was quite common in the fall of 1988, for example, after very low numbers for several years. Bag limits continue to be low because of questions about reproductive success.

The only “summer” records at hand are of a bird at Labranche, St. Charles Parish, on June 23, 1973 (fide RJS), and a sighting on US 11 in the eastern part of the city on July 28, 1991 (NN). The latter is difficult to classify: was the bird summering, an early migrant, or a cripple?

The expected dates of occurrence are September 1 to April 25; the extremes are Sep. 6, 1981 and April 16, 1917 at Chef Menteur Pass (AMB).

BLUE-WINGED TEAL (Anas discors) Abundant migrant and common winter visitor. Occasional in summer.

The Blue-winged Teal is often present in large numbers in spring and fall as birds pass through to the north or sourth. According to Bellrose (1976) there was a great increase in wintering of Blue-winged Teal in coastal Louisiana from the 1950's on, attributed to the effect of hurricanes in opening up the coastal marsh. On the other hand, Gosselink, et al (1979) remark that numbers have since reverted to something like pre-Hurricane Audrey (1957) numbers. Although summer records are not extraordinary, and breeding should be looked for, the Blue-winged Teal is the earliest of the migrant ducks to reach coastal Louisiana in fall.

Expected dates of occurrence are September 1 to April 15; extreme records are August 6, 1959, New Orleans (SAG) and May 20, 1979, Grand Gosier Island.

CINNAMON TEAL (Anas cyanoptera) Occasional to accidental in winter.

Even in southwestern Louisiana this beautiful duck is quite rare, and in Southeast Louisiana it is rarer still, with fewer than a dozen records. Of these, only five have come from the last three decades and half of the records are more than 90 years old.. Stein reports that the Cinnamon Teal is in fact occasionally taken by hunters in the Laplace-Reserve-Labranche area, where it is known as "gingerbread duck." The known, dated records are: Dec. 1884, Point-a-la-Hache (fide HCO--2*); Dec. 1884, Lake Pontchartrain (fide HCO*); Dec. 1893, Lake Catouache (A. Perilliat--2*); Ec. 1896, Lake Catouache (fide HCO--2*); Jan. 5, 1900, Lake Borgne (Rafael Robin*); Jan. 15, 1911 in the delta (JD*); Dec. 20, 1956, Plaquemines Parish*; Dec. 28, 1986, New Orleans (SAG,BC,CL); Mar. 5, 1987, Fourchon Rd (Lafourche) (CK,PW). A bird which wintered in New Orleans East in 1997-8 (Gousett) and was recorded on t he 1997 CBC, returned the following two winters (GO, m.ob.).

An apparent hybrid Blue-winged X Cinnamon Teal was seen on Blind Lagoon in New Orleans East on ..... and .... 1995 (PW--ph.). (1996?PW?);

NORTHERN SHOVELER (Anas clypeata) Common winter visitor

The Northern Shoveler is one of the more familiar and common puddle ducks wintering in the coastal marsh. Its numbers probably come after those of Gadwall and Green-winged Teal--and possibly American Wigeon. It primarily inhabits fresh and brackish estuarine marshes and bays, and seems not to be one of the puddle ducks likely to be seen on the waters of the gulf.

Expected dates of occurrence are from October 10 to April 20 and extreme records are Sep. 15, 1979 ... (JR,MB) and May 29, 1967, New Orleans (RDP). There are also at least two summer records: Jun. 17, 1978 at Reserve (MW) and Jun. 16, 1982 at New Orleans (DM).

GADWALL (Anas strepera) Common winter resident

The Gadwall is one of the most common dabbling ducks in winter in Se. Louisiana, and, as mentioned above, ranks with Green-winged Teal, Am. Wigeon, and Shoveler as the most common.

Expected dates are October 20 to about April 15, with extremes of Oct. 5, 1980 at New Orleans (RDP, et al) and Apr. 19, 1969 at Grand Isle.

EURASIAN WIGEON (Anas penelope) Accidental in winter.

There are three records of this species, the only records of live birds ever seen in Louisiana (except over the sights of a shotgun), all of drakes. The first sighting, the first accepted Louisiana record, came from the eastern part of New Orleans ("Recovery I"), between Dec. 14, 1980 and Feb. 8, 1981 (RDP,NN, m.ob.--photos RDP). The second record is of a bird seen on Fourchon Rd, Lafourche Parish, between Jan. 10? and at least Feb. 4, 1990 (GC,m.ob.). Finally, one was seen on a New Orleans CBC on......(MM,RDP).

AMERICAN WIGEON (Anas americana) Common to abundant in winter.

Although the wigeon or "baldpate" is one of the commoner wintering puddle ducks in Southeastern Louisiana, it may have been somewhat more common during the 1960's, as a result, according to Bellrose (1976), of hurricanes breaking up the coastal marsh.

Expected dates of occurrence are October 1 to April 25; extreme dates are Sept. 3, 1977 at Grand Isle and May 8, 1978 at New Orleans (NN,JR,MM).

CANVASBACK (Aythya valisineria) Uncommon to rare in winter.

It is sad to write of the plight of the Canvasback, surely the best-loved of all the ducks. While only a few years ago one or several might be found in deep ponds in the eastern part of the city, urban sprawl and the decline in the Canvasback population have made this duck almost a thing of the past. It is not unusual for a winter to go by without a report of a Canvasback from Southeast Louisiana.

Expected dates are November 15 to March 20; while the earliest date of fall arrival is Oct. 29, 1978 (NN,RDP), and latest in spring is May 27, 1995 at Tiger Pass. There is one "summer" record, July 12, 1973 at Venice (RJN,RSK).

REDHEAD (Aythya americana) Quite uncommon in winter.

The fate of the Redhead is only slightly less depressing than that of its congener, the Canvasback. It will, however, be encountered occasionally in winter, usually on Fourchon Rd. in Lafourche Parish, but might be found on deep ponds almost anywhere, including near Ft. Jackson in Plaquemines Parish. Like the Canvasback, although a diving duck, it will often be seen feeding in shallow water in the manner of a puddle duck. Flocks are reported to occur in the Chandeleurs in winter (Smith, 1961); Bellrose gives 20,000 as a typical wintering population for Chandeleur Sound, but whether this continues to be the case is not known.

Expected dates are November 10 to April 15; estreme dates are Oct. 25, 1969 at Grand Isle (RDP,RJN,DN) and May 4, 1969 at Ft. Jackson (WW).

RING-NECKED DUCK (Aythya collaris) Common to uncommon winter visitor.

Often found on inland fresh-water lakes and ponds, this species also inhabits brackish estuarine waters. In the city, the best place to find it is in City Park, especially the lagoons off Harrison Ave. It will sometimes be seen on Lake Pontchartrain or along Fourchon Road in Lafourche Parish.

Expected dates are November 5 to April 1 and the earliest date of fall arrival is Sept. 24, 1956 (RF,BMM). There is one summer record, June 28, 1973 on Lake Pontchartrain (MW).

GREATER SCAUP (Aythya marila) Uncommon (to rare?) in winter.

Because of the difficulty of distinguishing the Greater Scaup from its more common cousin, less is known of the wintering population in this area than one would like. Similarly, it is difficult to assess the differences in relative numbers offshore vs. inshore. Gosselilnk (1979) quotes a figure of about 2% Greater Scaup in southern Lousiana, while Bellrose (1976) calculates a 6.6% figure for Louisiana. Taylor Guste says that Greater Scaup are not infrequently shot on his lands on the lakefront near Madisonville.

The identification problem is difficult, but by no means hopleless. Adult male Greater Scaup are large, white-sided, heavy-billed, and have rounded-looking heads which are irridescent green when seen in good light. The wing stripe extends all across the primaries to the tip of the wing, and is quite dramatic and obvious. (beware of overlap). Female Greater Scaup often have a dusky auricular patch. Usually a combination of characters will be needed to cinch an indentification. Brilliant, clean white sides are suggestive, but by no means are all white-sided scaup are Greaters. Maximum: 27 on L. Pontchartrain on 20 Feb. 2005 (DM,PW).

The available records span the period November 2 to March 23.

LESSER SCAUP (Aythya affinis) Very common to abundant in winter.

The Lesser Scaup is often very common on Lake Pontchartrain, though sometimes few can be found from the south shore. It is certainly the dominant species of duck on the lake, and often the only species to be found from the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain. It normally occurs in large numbers on the near-shore waters of the gulf as well, though, again, it is sometimes unaccountably rare. Approximately 50% of all Lesser Scaup winter in Louisiana; Bellrose (1976) reported something like 500,000 winter on Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain. Although Stanley C. Arthur claimed that an adult with young were found in Lake Borgne in 1915, his reports should always be appraoched with caution.

Expected dates of wintering are October 25 to May 15; extreme dates are Sep. 16, 1983 on Lake Pontchartrain (RDP) and May 28, 1967 at New Orleans (RDP). Summer records in the New Orleans area--especially City Park--are rare, but not unprecedented. They include the following: summer 1958 (SAG),;June 29, 1959 (SAG); June 16, 1982 (DM).

KING EIDER (Somateria spectibilis) Accidental

The first record of this species, or of any eider, for Louisiana, was of a young male, apparently flightless (molting), present at the west end of Grand Terre Island. The bird first noted (but not identified) by John.... on April 9, 1994, was identified as an eider by Bob Russell a few days later, and as this species by many observers (DM,CS, et al; ph.) on April 14-17. It was present until at least May (21-22 or 14-15?) (JVR,DLD,SWC). Quite amazingly, the second record was hardly over a month later: a female seen and photographed by O'Meallie on Curlew Island on June 11, 1994. Only ....years later, the third King Eider was found, in this case a dead female on N. Breton I. on ..... Three records in seven years!

HARLEQUIN DUCK (Histrionicus histrioniucs) Accidental.

There is one record of this beautiful duck, of a pair reported by Audubon on April 1, 1837 at Southwest Pass. Although this record has some sceptics (including the LOS Bird Records Committee?), there is also a recent sight report from the Florida panhandle.

LONG-TAILED DUCK (Clangula hyemalis) Uncommon to rare in winter.

There are about two dozen records of this somewhat erratic species, formerly (and perhaps preferably) known as the Oldsquaw, from November 24 to February 28. In recent years it has been most frequently recorded from either shore of Lake Pontchartrain, most likely the north shore, often as a result of Christmas Count coverage, but it might be seen on any of the larger bodies of water: the gulf, Chandeleur Sound, Lake Borgne, etc. It is reportedly regular offshore in Mississippi Sound. In some years none are seen at all and in others there may be several records. Few adult males are seen. A recent record is Dec. 11, 2004 at South Point (DM,MM,PW–2).

Extreme dates of occurrence are Nov. 15, 1986 at Fontainbleau St. Pk (MM,DM--3) and May 11, 1988 ...(NN,DM).

BLACK SCOTER (Melanitta nirgra) Rare winter visitor.

Although none of the scoters are common, of the three , the Black and Surf Scoters are seen much more frequently than the White-winged. Most of the records are from about November 20 through the Christmas Count period. The fact that there are few late winter records may mostly reflect lack of coverage, since they are seen regularly in spring on the gulf off Cameron Parish.

In addition to the records quoted here, there is one undated record of Black Scoter from Lake Catherine by Gustav Kohn. In principle, good places to look for scoters would be off Grand Isle or from Fourchon Beach, and, in fact, the latest record of any scoter for Southeast Louisiana was of one seen on April 9, 1977 off Grand Isle, not identified as to species (but not white-winged).

There are 11 records spanning the period Oct. 25-Apr. 8: Nov. 11, 1941, St. Charles Par. (fide GHL); Nov. 29, 1952 on Lake Borgne (fide GHL); Oct. 25, 1969 on Lake Pontchartrain (RJN,RJS); Nov. 23, 1970 at the mouth of the Empire Canal (RJN,LO'M); Mar. 13, 1971, Lake Pontchartrain (HDP); Apr. 8, 1973, 25 miles off Grand Isle (RBH,RJN); Nov. 27-Dec. 16, 1977 on Lake Pontchartrain (JR,m.ob.--photos RDP); Nov. 13-Dec. 25, 1981 at New Orleans (JR,DM, et al); Nov. 23, 1981, Fontainbleau St. Pk. (NN,SF); Dec. 1-...., 1985 at New Orleans (RDP,m.ob.); New Orleans, Dec. 19, 1991 (NN--2); Nov. 26, 2004 (DM,MM,PW) on Lake Pontchartrain.

SURF SCOTER (Melanitta perspicillata) Rare winter visitor.

Most of the scoters of this species, and of the others as well, have been in female/immature plumage, which suggests that they are birds of the year. Surf Scoters ordinarily winter on either coast and breed in northern Canada. There are over 20 records of Surf Scoter from the period Nov. 17-Apr. 16: Mar. 20, 1890, New Orleans (fide HCO); Dec. 26, 1950, Grand Isle (JLC); Nov. 29, 1953, Lake Borgne; Dec. 1958 at Myrtle Grove (fide GHL); Nov. 28-..., 1977 in Metairie (JG, m.ob.--photos RDP); Nov. 13, 1981, New Orleans (MM); Nov. 21, 1982, Labranche (fide JRS--killed by hunters); Nov. 26, 1982, New Orleans (RDP,NN--2); Jan. 2, 1984, Fourchon Rd. (NN,RDP,DM); Nov. 22?, 1984, Mandeville (CS?); Dec. 27, 1987, New Orleans (RDP,MK, SH); winter 1988-89......; winter 1989-90; ....., 1991 New Orleans (NN); Dec. 26, 1992 (...)..Fourchon beach 1998. June 10, 1998, Curlew (SWC,DLD); 2002 New Orleans CBC, RDP, MM; Nov. 17, 2002 at Grand Isle (DM); Mar. 6-7, 2004 at New Orleans (DM,MM,PW,CS,RDP–5+); April 16, 2004 at Grand Isle (DLD,SWC), winter 2004-5 S. Point; 20 Feb. 2005 (PW,DM–7).

WHITE-WINGED SCOTER (Melanitta fusca) Casual winter visitor.

The 10 records of this species make it the least common of the three in recent years; see however, the discussion in Lowery (1974). The dated records range between Nov. 5 and Mar. 27: Mar. 20, 1890, New Orleans (fide GHL); Mar. 27, 1965, Grand Isle (SAG); Dec. 1, 1973, Bonnet Carre Spillway (RJS,MW); Nov. 27-28, 1975, Lake Pontchartrain (NN,m.ob.); Nov. 23, 1982, New Orleans (MM);Nov. 19, 1989, Lake Catouatche (DM); Nov. 29-...1989, Lake Pontchartrain (DM,NN,RDP,GG); Dec. 21, 1991, L. Pontchartrain (RDP,NN,GG), Nov. 5, 1995 (PW,CK,Bill Wayman?); Nov. 25(24?), 2000, Mandeville (MM).

COMMON GOLDENEYE (Bucephala clangula) Uncommon to rare winter visitor.

Although this species is never common, often one or two can be found after patient searching on Lake Pontchartrain, on the deeper ponds in the eastern part of New Orleans (now disappearing), or on Bayou St. John. Although goldeneyes depart rather early in spring, there are two interesting late records from the area or near it: May 5, 1986, by Kopman, without specific location, and June 15, 1894 on Cat Island, MS, collected by Blakemore. Expected dates are November 15 to March 1 and extreme dates of occurrence are Nov. 3, 1991 on U.S. 11 (RDP) and Mar. 22, 1970 at New Orleans (RDP). Maximum number: 60 at New Orleans, Mar. 6, 2004.

BUFFLEHEAD (Bucephala albeola) Regular winter resident, more common on north

shore of Lake Pontchartrain

While the Bufflehead is not often seen on the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain except in the extreme eastern part of the city (Bayou Sauvage NWR) it is quite regular, even common on the north shore, as at Mandeville and Fontainbleu St. Park, where sometimes as many as 100 might be counted. It is, for example, almost unknown on the coast. Nonetheless it might be encountered almost anywhere where diving ducks might be expected. Buffledheads are usually present from early November until late March. Extreme dates are.....

HOODED MERGANSER (Lophodytes cucullatus) Uncommon winter visitor,

The Hooded Merganser is one of those species which are not actually rare in Southeast Louisiana but are nonetheless difficult to find. It is often seen on isolated wooded ponds and sloughs, but only rarely in the open water situations characteristic of its cousins, the Red-breasted and Common Mergansers. Although it is fairly regular in some spots, as on ponds in New Orleans East or on the ponds near Crescent Acres landfill in Arabi, an opportunistic or random sighting is the most likely, if one knows what a Hooded Merganser looks like in flight. High count is 170 on a residential lake in eastern New Orleans on the 1998 CBC (DPM).

The extreme dates of occurrence are October 21, 1965 on Lake Pontchartrain (BMM) and April 23, 1994 at Port Sulphur (NN,RDP).

COMMON MERGANSER (Mergus merganser) Casual winter visitor.

There are about 17 records of the Common Merganser, which is slightly more common inland and in north Louisiana than in Se. Louisiana. The dozen reports in the last four decades probably accurately reflect its true abundance in Southeast Louisiana. Allthough identifcation is not particularly difficult, for either sex, its rarity should engender caution.

The records span the period Nov. 11-Apr. 19, with an anomalous June 3, 1933 record. The records are: Jan. 21, 1932, Point-a-la-Hache (HCO); Jan. 24, 1932, Myrtle Grove (HCO--2); June 3, 1933, Lake Borgne (HCO); April 19, 1936, Grand Isle (AD); Dec. 28, 1957, Grand Isle (SAG); Feb. 6, 1960, Slidell (SAG); Nov. 22, 1969, Mandeville (RJN); Dec. 8, 1977, Reserve (MW); Nov. 11, 1978, Laplace (RJS,MW); Nov. 18, 1978, Bonnet Carre Spillway (RJS,MW); Jan. 8-Feb 2?, 1980, Metairie (...); Dec. 26, 1982, New Orleans (MW--5); Jan. 10-Mar. 3, 1985, Mandeville (PS,JH?); winter 1986-87, Mandeville (JH,m.ob.); Mar. 5, 1987, Fourchon Rd. (CK,PW); ......(NN,RDP); Dec. 23, 1990-[Feb. 22?,1991] New Orleans (AS,GS, et al).

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER (Mergus serrator) Common winter visitor.

This species can be found regularly on Lake Pontchartrain and throughout coastal Southeast Louisiana on deep lakes, ponds, and open water.

Expected dates of occurrence are November 20 to May 1; extreme dates are Oct. 25, 1928 at Main Pass of the Mississippi River (AMB) and May 20, 1967 at Grand Isle (SAG). There are at least two later records in spring or early summer: one at North Island in the Chandeleurs: June 11, 1971 (RDP,RJN,MM), and another on Fourchon Rd., June 1, 1997 (DM,RDP).

RUDDY DUCK (Oxyura jamaicensis) Uncommon winter visitor.

The Ruddy Duck is most often found on deep ponds in residential areas of the eastern part of New Orleans. Otherwise, it may be found almost anywhere there are other diving ducks--occasionally on the lake, occasionally on Fourchon Road. Ruddy Ducks went essentially unrecorded on New Orleans Christmas Counts before 1973, and have evidently increased due to the availability of these newly-dug artificial lakes in New Orleans. Expected dates are November 5 to April 10; extreme dates are Sept. 2, 1986 at New Orleans (CL,DM) and May 22, 1977 at New Orleans (RDP,SP). Although there are no records of the very similar Masked Duck for this area, the possibility should be kept in mind.

ORDER Gaviiformes

FAMILY Gaviidae LOONS

COMMON LOON (Gavia immer) Regular, and fairly common to uncommon, in winter

Common Loons can usually be found in small numbers along either shore of Lake Pontchartrain in winter from mid-November into April. Numbers vary considerably from one year to another, and some searching may be necessary to find a loon along the south shore of the lake. They are significantly more common on the north shore of the lake, for example at the Mandeville harbor or Fontainbleau St. Pk. Although most individuals are gone by mid-March, late April or early May records are not extraordinary and hardly a year goes by without a late spring or summer record. Large movements have occasionally been noted in early November. Common Loons are also encountered over or near the gulf, especially at Grand Isle, but frequently on the river or on large bays in the Buras-Venice area. Common Loons, usually in late spring or early summer, have been heard calling on several occasions in Southeast Louisiana, generally in late spring.

In basic plumage, Common and Pacific Loons are superficially similar, especially in size, and given the number of records from the Southeast Texas coast, it may be expected that careful scrutiny of loons in this area will eventually turn up a Pacific Loon. Recent “scares” demonstrate that identification problems are considerable, especially if one is not familiar with Pacific Loon. On the other hand, there are records from both east and west of us along the gulf coast, some of which, at least, are valid. Good sources are Shulenburg (1989), McCaskie, et al (1990), and Zimmer (2000).

Records of "summering" loons, while interesting, and nort extraordinary; usually of birds in basic (winter) plumage. The earliest such records were: June 5, 1933 in Breton Sound (AMB--2); May 31, 1957 on Chandeleur Sound (RJN,AD--calling); June 12, 1971, Chandeleur Sound (RJN,MM,RDP); June 22, 1973, North Island (NN,RJN,m.ob.); Aug. 2, 1982, Lake Pontchartrain (MM); Aug. 14, 1987, New Orleans (NN); July 15, 1989, Lake Pontchartrain (RDP); June 30-July 2, 1991, Mandeville (RFC,P. Siegert). The August records are two of perhaps only three or so Louisiana records for that month.

Although Pacific Loon has not been recorded in Louisiana, it can be expected to occur, based on records from the Texas and Florida coasts. Observers should familiarize themselves with the somewhat subtle differences between this species and the Pacific Loon.

Expected dates of wintering are November 1 to May 1; extreme dates: Sept. 16, 1984 Mandeville (JH) and May 19, 1978 New Orleans (NN).

ORDER Podicipediformes

FAMILY Podicipedidae GREBES

PIED-BILLED GREBE (Podilymbus podiceps) Common in winter; uncommon to rare breeding bird

Although Pied-billed Grebes are not common in summer, their occurrence at this season is frequent enough to make accurate determination of arrival and departure dates for wintering individuals difficult. For example a Pied-billed Grebe summered on Bayou St. John in 1985 (AS) and have sometimes bred successfully in rather large numbers in the ponds on US 11 in the eastern part of the city. One of the more interesting records was of one on the open gulf some 40 miles south of South Pass on Sep. 16, 1995 (SWC,m.ob.).

Expected dates of wintering are September 10 to April 15.

HORNED GREBE (Podiceps auritus) Uncommon in winter

Careful scanning of Lake Pontchartrain at New Orleans, especially near the I-10 “twin spans,” will frequently yield a Horned Grebe, but the species is much more common on the north shore of the lake, where often small flocks are seen. Very occasionally an individual is seen on Bayou St. John. Although this is the "common" Podiceps grebe in Southeast Louisiana, care should be taken in identification. Maximum concentration: 500+ at Mandeville on March 12, 1995 (DPM, et al).

Expected dates of wintering are November 15 to March 1?; extreme dates of occurrence: Oct. 11, 1980 New Orleans (MM,DM) and March 22?, 1997 (fide JB).

...1988 (MM)

RED-NECKED GREBE (Podiceps grisegena) Accidental in winter

The first record of this grebe, which in the North America primarily occurs in the Pacific Northwest, Western Canada, and Alaska, was of one seen on March 11, 1995 at Mandeville harbor (SWC,DLD). The only other report is of one on L. Pontchartrain on Mar. 6, 2004 (DM)., not accepted by the LBRC. There are several reports for Sw. Louisiana, some of dubious reliability.

EARED GREBE (Podiceps nigricollis) Rare in winter

Southeastern Louisiana is near the extreme eastern edge of the Eared Grebe's wintering range, so while it is regular in other areas of the state, it is distinctly rare in southeast Louisiana. In New Orleans, most records have come from permanent ponds in residential New Orleans East (essentially annually), but occasionally one is seen on the lake. There are typically 1-3 records per year, which include the following: Mar. 10, 1961 New Orleans (SAG); Nov. 22, 1969 Mandeville (RJN); Sept. 11, 1976 Fourchon Pass, Lafourche Par. (RH,RJS); Oct. 5, 1976 Reserve (MW); Jan 11-15, 1978 New Orleans (JR); Oct. 8, 1980 Reserve (MW); Dec. 26-31 New Orleans (GS,DM, et al); Nov. 15, 1986 Mandeville (MM,DM); Dec. 28, 1986 New Orleans (RDP,PS); winter 1990-91 Fourchon Rd...; Feb. 22?, 1991, New Orleans (AS,GS,PL,SF); Dec. 26, 1992, New Orleans (....--2); Dec. 23, 1995, New Orleans (DM,KVR)....Dec. 29, 1997 (DM,JR); Dec. 27, 2003 (JC,TC,CR); Mar. 6, 2004 (CS,PW,DM...) on L. Pontchartrain. [2005 L. Pontchartrain (DM..)]

Extreme dates are Sept. 11, 1976, Fourchon Pass (RH,RJS) and Mar. 10, 1961 New Orleans (SAG).

WESTERN GREBE (Aechmophorus occidentalis) Accidental in winter

There are three records of Western Grebe for SE Louisiana. The first record of this species for Se. Louisiana was of one on the Mississippi River just upriver of the Mississippi River bridge at New Orleans, November 3-6, 1971 (MM,m.ob.), also the first record for Louisiana. The photographs (RDP; see AFN 26:74 (1972)) indicate that this was an individual of the dark morph now known as "Western Grebe," the more sedentary light form being "Clark's Grebe" (which has not been found in Louisiana). . The other records are of one on Fourchon Rd., Lafourche Par. on........(RDP,MM–photos), and one at Mandeville Harbor on 17 November 2002 (MM). There are various good sources on separating the two, including Zimmer (2000)

ORDER Procellariiformes

FAMILY Procellariidae

For information on records of the tubenoses from the northern gulf, one should consult Duncan and Havard (1980), Lowery and Newman (1954), Oberholser's The Bird Life of Texas, and Clapp, et all (1982).

CORY'S SHEARWATER (Puffinus diomeda) Offshore in summer; apparently regular

Recent pelagic trips sponsored by LOS and by LSU have made it clear that Cory’s Shearwater is fairly regular, usually in small numbers, off the mouth of the Mississippi River. Until recently it was thought that the “common” large shearwater off the mouth of the river was Greater Shearwater. The f irst evidence of the occurrence of Cory’s Shearwater was of birds recorded on aerial transect studies over the northern Gulf of Mexico, 130-180 miles west to southwest of Grand Isle on Oct. 22, 23, and 25, 1980 (Wayne Hoffmann, pers. comm.), and Texas records in the early 1990s suggested that Cory’s probably occurred off Louisiana as well. There were additional reports from transects of one kind or another (fide Dwight Peake, et al). The first generally recognized record occurred on Sept....., 1997 when one was seen on a pelagic trip out of Venice. The bird was followed closely for several minutes and excellent photographs were obtained. Two more were seen on a pelagic trip ........... Following these records the species was added to the state list by the LBRC in 1998. R.ecent records include two ....... on Oct. 13, 1998 (SWC, et al-2, 1 coll.), one on July 12, 2000 about 40 mi S of South Pass (PC,SWC,DLD, et al), and up to 30 seen by Myers from an oil platform in the northern Gulf of Mexico (29 21.651, 87 53.037) on Sept. 13, 2000, in about 300 ft of water. The location is about 75 mi ESE of the mouth of the Mississippi R.; [summer 2001 LSU]; May 2002 In the summer of 2003, one Cory’s was recorded on 24 June (SWC,DLD–1*) and two on July 9 (SWC,DLD, et al*). Several of the records have taken place in rather turbid water. In October...., Myers recorded as many as 80-100 at a time, ......, just in Alabama waters.

GREATER SHEARWATER (Puffinus gravis) Rare to occasional offshore in late summer

Although our understanding of the distribution of pelagic species off the Louisiana coast has grown slowly since the early 1970's, yet still relatively little is known about these species, owing to the fact that coverage is infrequent and irregular. Much work needs to be done on the temporal distribution and frequency of this and other pelagics, and on the question of probable distribution over the continental shelf and near-shelf waters off the Mississippi delta. Little is known of the effects of such canyons as Mississippi canyon, cold upwelling, etc.

Based on a very small number of records during the last decade, it seems clear that Greater Shearwater is very scarce off the Louisiana coast in late summer. Although regular pelagic trips off the mouth of the river since the fall of 1995 have turned up only one, the TGM study during 1999-2000? did record a few. There are also relatively recent records off the northwest Florida and Alabama coasts (Duncan and Havard, 1980). As noted above, however, most recent records of large shearwaters in Louisiana waters have been Cory’s rather than this species. Refer to Finch, et al (....) or to Harrison (1983) for identification details. Of 36 records of Greater Shearwaters in Clapp, et al (1982) for the northern gulf, ten are from July and nine each from August and September.

Greater Shearwaters breed in the southern Atlantic, mostly on Nightingale, Inaccessible, and Gough Islands, and "winter" in the north Atlantic. Their clockwise path carries them past Florida in the spring, so that one might expect them to be most common in the Gulf of Mexico in early summer, even though the records do not bear that out.

Although there are six records from southeastern Louisiana waters, there is some question whether the first four can be said to absolutely rule out Cory's, whose presence was not seriously suspected until recently. Newman (pers. comm.) was, however, very familiar with both species and has commented on the distinct caps of the birds he saw. The is one record of an unidentified large (Cory's/Greater type) shearwater 20 miles southeast of Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River, June 9, 1985 (MM). The records are Jul. 16, 1964 10 miles west of North Is. (LEW,MM,RWS); Sept. 4-5, 1970 35 miles off Southwest Pass (RJN); Aug. 11, 1971 35 miles off South Pass (RJN); May 3, 1972 20 miles off South Pass (RJN); Aug. 25, 1986. The two “modern” records are: 62 miles south of Racoon Pt. (MM); Oct. 13, 1998, .....(SWC, et al--coll.), and....

MANX SHEARWATER (Puffinus puffinus) Accidental (?) offshore

The sole record of this species for Louisiana is of one collected ...........It was initiallly identified as belonging to the next species. Manx Shearwater is darker, with a darker face, longer wings, and white undertail coverts. It is a much heavier bird than Audubon’s. The first Texas record, of a bird found dead on Padre I. In 1975, had been banded on its breeding grounds in Scotland

AUDUBON'S SHEARWATER (Puffinus lherminiere) Rare in summer offshore

This species is the "common" shearwater off the Louisiana coast; in the course of Bob Newman's trips offshore in 1970-72, up to 15 were seen on a single occasion, and on a Sep. 16, 1995 trip sponsored by the LOS which went 65 miles south from South/Southwest Pass, as many as 18 were recorded. Most of the latter were in 500 fathom water or deeper. Audubon's Shearwater has been recorded in the gulf in every month except December, and of 39 records totalling well over 290 individuals given in Clapp, et al (1982), 8 were from July and 11 from September. When two individuals were collected from a flock of 200 on Aug. 26, 1954, south of Mobile Bay (fide GHL), the nearest land was Southeast Pass of the Mississippi River, 64 miles to the west, making this the first record for Louisiana. Palmer (1962) was quite mistaken when he wrote, of this species, "not seen alive in the Gulf of Mexico since Audubon's time." It is, however, interesting to note that Mac Myers, in 86 days on the gulf between March 29 and Aug. 31, 1985, saw no Audubon's Shearwaters; nor had this writer, in six trips to the edge of the continental shelf prior to spring 1990, seen the species.

Although there have been records in water less than 1000 ft deep, it is likely that Audubon's Shearwater will be encountered only over very deep water, perhaps 1000 m or more. Observers are reminded that Manx Shearwater is a possibility in the gulf, which should motivate one to carefully check any small shearwater for that possibility. Manx Shearwaters are larger, have a darker face, and white undertail coverts.

Easily the most remarkable record of Audubon's Shearwater is of one found dead at the corner of Calhoun and Magazine Streets in New Orleans, on July 25, 1981 (specimen to LSUMZ)! One can surmise that the bird may have been caught in a shrimp net and ended up on a New Orleans street corner through some unknown misadventure. The historical records are: Aug. 27, 1954 33 miles off Southeast Pass (SS,HRB); July 3,4,9,15, 1970 30-40 miles off South Pass (RJN); one collected; July 9.; Sept. 3-4, 1970 18-30 miles off South Pass (RJN--12,15); May 3-4, 1972 8-20 miles off South Pass (RJN); July 10, 1977 20-25 miles south of Empire Jetty (MM); July 22, 1978 south of Grand Isle (Clapp, et al, 1982);.......

During the last 15 years the records have become more numerous, due in part to regular pelagic trips by the LOS and later by LSU. The study of utilization of oil platforms by trans-gulf migrants also yielded a number of records in 2000-01. A trip out of Grand Isle on Oct. ...., 1988 produced two small shearwaters, presumably of this species (DM,NN,MM?,AS?); one seen on May28?..., 1990 (SWC,DD,DM,RDP), off South Pass was also probably an Audubon's . LOS and LSU trips recorded Audubon Shearwaters on the following trips: ..........The most recent record is of one.....miles off South Pass on May 5, 2004 (DLD,SWC, et al); 6 June 2004 (DLD,SWC,et al)

FAMILY Hydrobatidae STORM-PETRELS

WILSON'S STORM-PETREL (Oceanites oceanicus) Regular in summer offshore

Wilson's Storm-Petrel is usually the most common storm-petrel off the Louisiana coast in summer, despite recent experience which indicates that Band-rumped may be nearly as common especially over deeper water, 1000 m or more in early summer, and Leach’s may rival Wilson’s in late summer. Wilson’s, which “chums” very readily, would seem to be the most likely in shallower water, nearer shore, even though it will generally require blue-green to blue water and a depth of at least several hundred feet. Water clarity, however, may be the most important factor. While they are most often found near the grasslines which mark the "rips" or interfaces (ocean fronts) between differing water masses, usually between green and blue water, they are not infrequently found in water ranging from green to blue, some distance from a rip. Frequently a Wilson’s Storm-petrel will be seen pattering along one of these rips. These rips or ocean fronts may sometimes be only 10 miles off South Pass of the Mississippi River, though often are much further out, and typically may be 70 or more miles off Grand Isle or the Empire Canal. Experience indicates that a day-long pelagic trip, espcially one which goes as much as 50 miles off South Pass, will usually encounter a few of these birds.

Wilson’s Storm-petrel, unlike the other two species, breeds in the southern oceans and thus is “wintering” in the gulf.

The maximum numbers recorded are 80 or more off South Pass on May 28, 2002, including at least 34 at one time (DLD, et al; photo--RDP).. The first record was by H.C. Oberholser who recorded 13 off the mouth of the river on June 8, 1933.

Of 315 northern gulf records in Clapp, et al (1982), 192 were from the month of July, although 19 of 42 Louisiana records were from June. Clapp, et al give 11 records of at least 40 individuals from southeast Louisiana. [Recent records include June 10-11,..., 20 miles southeast of Southwest Pass (MM), May 28, 1989, 10 miles of South Pass (MM,DM,RDP), ....1990. Almost every LOS or LSU pelagic trip out of South Pass since 1995 has recorded Wilson’s Storm Petrel, including the first of those trips on May 27, 1995 40-50 mi SSE of South Pass (RB,CL,DP,DM,MM,RDP, et al when up to 12 were seen.

The normal period of occurrence of this species seems to be May through at least early September, but numbers are usually higest in early summer; expected dates of summering are approximately April 15 to September 1, The earliest record for Se. Louisiana seems to be of one recorded on April 3, 1973, 10-15 miles off Grand Isle (RJN?) and there are May 3 and 19 records out of South Pass in 1972 and 1971, respectively. The latest sighting is Newman’s record of as many as 15 at a time from Sept. 2-3, 1970, 20 miles off South Pass, though there is a report of a storm waif, Sep. 9, 1965 at Reserve (RJS), associated with Hurricane Betsy

Given recent records of Band-rumped and Leach’s Storm-petrels, one certainly cannot assume that a storm-petrel is of this species.. It goes without saying that storm-petrels at sea can be very hard to distinguish--especially under the trying conditions of pelagic birding and by observers not fully familiar with the three species. Wilson's have a swallow-like flight, often patter with their toes while feeding, and have long legs which often results in the toes extending past the tail; on rare occasions the yellow webbing between the toes is visible. Wilson's have noticeably rounded wings and a very small bill, and are the smallest of the three expected species.

LEACH'S STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma leucorhos) Apparently regular in small numbers over deep water off the continental shelf in summer

The earliest records are of one collected 41 miles southeast of South Pass on Dec. 5, 1956 (HRB), and another picked up alive on the beach at Grand Isle on Sept. 23, 1972 by Phillip L. Bruner and James Rogers. Prior to the advent of LOS/LSU pelagic trips, these were the only records for Louisiana. But in the last 7 years there have been at least two dozen additional records, several supported by specimens. A bird likely to be of this species was seen about 40-45 miles SSE of South Pass on May 27, 1995 (RB,CL,DP, et al); another was seen...; July 1, 1999 64 miles SSE of South Pass (SWC, et al), July 12, 2000 about 38? mi. SSE of South Pass (SWC, et al); May 28, 2002 about......(DLD, et al--2). On June 17/18, 2002.....(BMM, et al). Peak numbers at this point are 13 on August 27, 2000 (DLD, et al), all at least 47 miles off South Pass and in 5000ft of water. Although several more seasons of field work will be necessary to answer all questions, it appears that Leach’s Storm-petrel is regular over deep water, 40 or more miles offshore, perhaps more commonly in late summer than early. Leach’s Storm-petrel breeds on both coasts, but whether local birds are post-breeders or non-breeders is not known.

For identification details, see Harrison (1983), or Naveen, but note the long, narrow, and angled wings, the nighthawk-like flight, a rump patch that appears "dirty" or has an indistinct line down its middle, as well as the distinctly larger size and larger bill compared to Wilson’s Storm-petrel. The forked tail is often not obvious.

BAND-RUMPED STORM-PETREL (Oceanodroma castro) Regular offshore over very deep water

Until very recently there was only a single sight record of a Band-rumped Storm Petrel off Louisiana (SWC,DLD), rejected by the LOS Bird Records Committee as a first state record, but generally assumed to be valid. Recently Dwight Peake encountered this species while accompanying transect studies of marine mammals off the Louisiana coast. Thus stood the situation until May 27, 1995, when a pelagic trip off South Pass, guided by Peake, found up to 24, with 10-12+ actually identified, 45-60 miles SSE of South Pass, in water up to 1000 fathoms deep. It may or may not be true, as Dwight Peake has argued, that Band-rumped Storm-petrel is the most common storm-petrel in the deeper waters of the northern gulf in early summer, but it is, in any case, quite regular and can be expected on most early summer pelagic trips which reach deep water off South Pass. Contrary to what has been previously written, Band-rumped Storm-Petrels can be “chummed” just as can Wilson’s. On June 12, 2000 perhaps 7-10 were found about 38 miles SSW of South Pass (fide DLD).. This record firmly established the presence of the species in Louisiana. At this point there are upwards of 50 records, some supported by specimens, and one can expect to f ind this species, often among “flocks” of Wilson’s Storm-petrels, in well offshore in blue water.

Apparently Band-rumped Storm Petrel (also known as Madieran and Harcourt's) is a bird of very deep water, perhaps at least 500 fathoms. Distinguishing this from the other two species is challenging, but, under good conditions (which often do not prevail at sea), by no means impossible. Band-rumped Storm Petrels look large, have a large, squarish, "pillow-like" white rump patch, with a lot of black tail aft of it. Wilson’s have more white on the undertail coverts. The toes of Band-rumps do not extend beyond the tail as in Wilson's, and they seem to have a less prominent bar on the wing caused by the secondary coverts. They are significantly larger than Wilson’s, the wing shape is characteristically long, but not strongly angled like Leach’s. Wilson’s look small by comparison, with broad, round-tipped, wings which lack any angle at the wrist. The large bill size, relative to Wilson’s, is usually quite obvious. The flight is a distinctive accipiter (or shearwater)-like flight which is quite different from the swallow-like flight of the Wilson's, which also indulges in a characteristic pattering over the waves, and the erratic, nighthawk-like flight of Leach's, though the observer is cautioned that these “characteristic” flight patterns depend heavily on what an individual is doing, whether it is flying into the wind, and so on. Band-rumped Storm-petrel breeds off the coast of Africa (as well as the Pacific), which makes it interesting that it is apparently most common in early summer.

Available records span the period May 28 to June 12, but much more field work is necessary to determine when this species is present along the northern Gulf coast.

ORDER Pelicaniformes

FAMILY Phaethontidae TROPICBIRDS

WHITE-TAILED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon lepturus) Rare to accidental summer visitor offshore

A White-tailed Tropicbird was reported in a Fish and Wildlife Service aerial transect study 120 miles west of Grand Isle (29 9.7' N, 92 1.2' W) on Aug. 5, 1980 by Wayne Hoffman (pers. comm.), and a sub-adult was seen 80 miles south of South Pass on July 22, 1995 (CD). Though Stanley C. Arthur's claim that White-tailed Tropicbirds are regular offshore in summer was clearly confused, it may have been based on an actual record, and they in fact do breed rather nearby in Bermuda and the Caribbean. Furthermore, there was a record at Dauphin I., Ala. during the spring of 1989. On the other hand, recent records of the next species raise the possibility of misidentification.

RED-BILLED TROPICBIRD (Phaethon aethereus) Causal to Accidental offshore

The first record of the Red-billed Tropicbird for Louisiana waters was obtained on a Mississippi-sponsored pelagic trip on June 6, 1996, led by Dwight Peake, when up to 40 people saw an immature ..... (DP,MM, et al). Slightly less than one year later, an adult was seen 47 SSW of Southwest Pass on May 24, 1997, in about 3000 ft of water. Then on September 13 of the same year, one was seen 50 mi south of S. Pass. .In the latter cases, the birds were watched for about 20 minutes and thoroughly photographed. Finally, one was collected on a pelagic trip out of Venice on 29 September 2004 (SWC,DLS, et al).

FAMILY Sulidae BOOBIES AND GANNETS

MASKED BOOBY (Sula dactylatra) Uncommon to rare offshore in summer

This species is apparently the "expected" sulid off the Louisiana coast in summer. Much is yet to be learned about its abundance and temporal distribution, but it is probably regular off the mouth of the Mississippi River, especially near the grasslines or "rips" which mark the interface between blue (very clear, highly saline) and green water. There are at least 20 records for Southeast Louisiana over the last 70 years: July 28, 1926, Grand Gosier I. (ESH--dead); June 4, 1958, 45 miles south of Grand Isle (BMM,MM); July 10, 1970, 38 miles off South Pass (RJN--dead); July 29, 1970, off South Pass (HBH--2); Sept. 3, 1970, off South Pass (Frank Durham, fide RDP); Aug. 26, 1971, 27 miles off South Pass (RJN--2 imm.); Oct. 15-16, 1971, 27 miles off South Pass (....); Aug. 18, 1980, 20 miles off South Pass; Aug. 20, 1983, 25 miles SE of South Pass (John Barber, fide RDP); July 7, Aug. 6, and Aug. 31, 1985, 62 miles S of Racoon Point (MM). On Oct. 22, 1987 a Masked Booby was brought to the Audubon Zoo Bird Rehabilitation Center, where it died. The most recent records are of one well offshore.....on March 11, 1992 (Gary Lester--1a,1i,RM?), an adult on L. Pontchartrain on Aug. 15, 1988 (RDP), after a tropical storm, two on May 27, 1995, 40 miles SSE of South Pass (m.ob.--ph.; la,1i), 5-6 40-60 miles south of South Pass on Sep. 16, 1995 (m.ob.)..........(recent pelagics); Oct. 13, 1998 ..... (SWC, et al, coll.); 18 June 2003 (DLD,SWC, et al--1), 67 miles off South Pass, 24 June, 20 mi. off South Pass (2 imm*); June 6, 2004....(DLD,SWC,et al).

BROWN BOOBY (Sula leucogaster) Rare offshore in summer

The number of records of Brown Boobies (12), coupled with the poor coverage given the waters of the continental shelf (and further out) off southeastern Louisiana, suggests that the Brown or "White-bellied" Booby may be regular in summer, especially near the Sargassum grasslines which line the transition zones between green and blue-green or blue-green and blue water. Although six LOS-sponsored pelagic trips through fall of 1998 encountered no Brown Boobies, a recent trip encountered one......(late winter 1999).

There is one winter record, Jan. 15, 1901 at Red Pass (fide HCO). The “historical” summer records are: Apr. 1, 1926, Grand Isle (ESH); Apr. 1929, Grand Isle (ESH); Apr. 1929, Grand Isle (ESH*). The 6-8 subsequent records are Sep. 8, 1951, 30 miles east of Pass a Loutre (HRB); Oct. 15-16, 1968, 30 miles off South Pass (...); July 18, 1973, Elmer's I. (RJN); May 29-June 7, 1985, 20 miles SE of Southwest Pass (MM). There is also a probable record from July 16, 1964, 10 miles off South Pass (Frank Durham, fide RDP--6-10). On Aug. 7, 1980, a Brown Booby was seen in an aerial transect study 130 miles WSW of Grand Isle (28 36' N, 92 14' W--Wayne Hoffmann). The most recent records are Mar. 11, 1992 at 28^o59'22"N, 90^o55'10"W (RM), and a juv. Oct. 13, 1998..... (SWC, et al--coll.).

RED-FOOTED BOOBY (Sula sula) Uncommon to common in winter offshore.

There is only a single accepted record of this species for Louisiana, of one collected at the mouth of Bayou Scofield on Nov. 1, 1940 (fide GHL; AOU Checklist). However, there are at least six additional sightings for the northern gulf, four from Texas, and one each from Alabama and Florida. Recently a bird thought to be of this species was seen on Baptiste Collette Bayou on May...., 1995 (BR--ph), and in the spring of 1998, a booby identified as Red-footed was seen near an oil platform (Ewing Bank 826) during migration studies (Rick Knight, .....) In light of these accountss, the Red-footed Booby should be taken into account when identifying any sulid in Louisiana.

NORTHERN GANNET (Morus bassanus) Uncommon to common in winter offshore; occasional in summer

Only in the past 30 years has it has become clear that Gannets regularly winter off Louisiana, and in numbers, being most conspicuous in February and March. Whether this reflects a real change in distribution or abundance, or simply the increased patience in looking offshore that results from success, is anyone's guess. In any event, N. Gannets have become sufficiently common in March that the careful observer might see dozens off the beach from Grand Isle and especially Fourchon Beach. The birds are usually a half-mile or more out to sea, although they may come nearer shore if the water is relatively clear..

The highest counts are 300 off Grand Isle on 15 (16?) April 2005 (SWC,DLD), 270 off Fourchon Beach on Feb. 26, 1989 (DM,LO'M,RDP), 235 there on Feb. 4, 1990 (RDP,NN,MM), 200-300 off Fourchon Beach on March 7, 2000 (PW), and 256 were counted on......2002 (RDP). Other high counts include 54 between Chandeleur Is., La. and Ship I., Miss. on Mar. 15, 1960 (JMV,JRW), and 50 off Fourchon Beach on Feb. 28, 1982 (DH,KH). With the exception of February and March, when they are obviously regular, distribution of records by month is as follows: Nov. (1), Dec. (7), Jan. (5), Apr. (6), May (1), June (1), July (2), August (1). A pelagic trip on April 17, 1999 off Fourchon Pass yielded about 20 Gannets between 10 and 33 miles from shore (DLD, m.ob.). Most Gannet records have been since 1978. A bird found dead on Apr. 26, 1970 ....had been banded on Sep. 7, 1968 at Balochrois, Canada. The first "summer" record is of a bird found dead on the beach at Grand Isle on July 16, 1995 (MP,GP). DPM? , but it should be noted that Gannets are not infrequently seen off the coast of the Florida panhandle in summer (fide DPM). On July 9 an imm. Gannet was collected just off the mouth of South Pass (SWC,DLD, et al).

The August record is of a first year bird found dead on Fourchon Beach on Sept. 1, 2002 (MM,RDP,PW), freshly dead.

Expected dates, somewhat uncertain, are December 1 into at least early May (May 5, 2004–SWC,DLD, et al). With single records in each month May through August, it is probably meaningless to try to give extreme dates.

FAMILY Pelicanidae PELICANS

AMERICAN WHITE PELICAN (Pelecanus erythrorynchus) Common in

Winter, non-breeders present in summer.

The White Pelican is a common, often abundant winter resident, mostly near the coast. It regularly lingers well into, or even through, the summer in near-coastal regions (near the mouth of the river, Fourchon Road) and their are records for every month. Although there has never been any suggestion of nesting in Louisiana, the fact that they do (have) bred on the Texas coast is worth keeping in the back of one's mind. The largest "summer" concentrations have been 1000 on La. 3090 ("Fourchon Road") on June 20, 1982 (RDP,DM,MM), at least 1500 at the same spot on June 17, 1989 (RDP,DM), and 1000 there on July 16, 1989 (GC,MM,NN,RDP).

Expected dates of occurrence: September 15 to April 15

BROWN PELICAN (Pelecanus occidentalis) Local resident, increasing in numbers

The Brown Pelican is the state bird of Louisiana. It is again conspicuous along the coast of Se. Louisiana, especially in the vicinity of Grand Isle, where several hundred might be seen in a day. At New Orleans is will generally be encountered in winter anywhere on the south shore of the lake, especially at Seabrook Bridge, but also on the river. Over 30,000 birds now nest in Louisiana, which represents a tremendous change from the 1970s, when there were NO Brown Pelicans in Louisiana! Brown Pelicans now nest on Queen Bess Island in Barataria Bay, and the Chandeleur Islands, and elsewhere. .

The Brown Pelican declined precipitously during the late 1950's, and while that decline did not go unnoticed, it was mistakenly blamed on a variety of factors such as the occurrence of Hurricane Audrey, which devastated southwestern Louisiana in 1957. The last known nesting was on the Chandeleurs in 1961, and the last records of native birds were in the summer of 1967: June 28 on the Chandeleurs (SAG, RDP, et al) and June 30 on Lake Pontchartrain (Kenneth Hughes, fide JLD). The contemporaneous decline of Brown Pelicans on the California coast, and the documentation of the cause as being persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, made it immediately clear that a similar fate had befallen the Louisiana Brown Pelicans; this was pointed out by Norman and Purrington in .....

In the 70s, Brown Pelicans were imported f rom Florida in an attempt to reestablish a breeding population. After an initial failure, the reestablishment proved successful, and by 1973 the species had returned to the Chandeleurs, as indicataed by records from Grand Gosier Island on June 8, 1973 and just to the north, in the Chandeleur Chain June 21-23, 1973. With breeding populations as high as 30-40,000 pairs in the late 90s to 2000, Brown Pelicans have returned to L. Pontchartrain since the late winter of 1988, and are now almost commonplace along the lakeshore after the breeding season.

Historically, as many as 75-80,000 individuals bred along the Louisiana coast. Important concentrations were on islands in Timbalier Bay and on the mud lumps at the mouth of Pass-a-Loutre, etc. An important colony was on North Island, near the north end of the Chandeleurs. They currently nest on the Chandeleurs, on Queen Bess I. in Barataria Bay, and elsewhere.

The failure of a late winter nesting on Queen Bess Island in 1990-91 was possibly due to exposure to heavy January rains. At least 60 dead nestlings were found on Feb. 2 and only two live fledglings (CF,BA,NN,RDP). Other winter kills, mostly of first year birds, were noted in 1996 and 1997. Estimates of the total Louisiana population reached 35,000 in 1997!

FAMILY Phalacrocoracidae CORMORANTS

DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax auritus) Common in Winter.

The Double-crested Cormorant is a characteristic bird of coastal and near-coastal parts of the checklist area. It is common on Lake Pontchartrain, and numbers in the low hundreds are typical in the Fourchon-Grand Isle area in winter. Although Lowery (1974) reported no recent nesting in Louisiana, the Louisiana Breeding Bird Atlas program found nesting...... and local summer records are of increasing frequency. Historically, summer records include August 24, 1970, June 23, 1983 in Metairie (SP), June 22, 1985 on Fourchon Road (AS,GS,JS), summer 1985 at the western edge of the lake (MW,RJS), during the summer of 1988, and two records in the summer of 1992: July 6 in Jefferson Parish (GO) and July 31 in St. Charles Parish (RJS). (Aug. 30, 1998 RDP,DPM)

Double-crested Cormorant numbers on New Orleans Christmas Counts have increased dramatically. While there were a total of 16 recorded on the 11 counts between 1960 and 1974, typical numbers in the mid-1980's were 200 or more per count. Numbers continue to increase as the species recovers from the effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides which decimated the population in the 1950s and 60s. The largest concentration recorded appears to be approximately 600 at Grand Isle on March 3, 1985 (NN,MM,RDP). Increasing numbers and breeding in northern Louisiana and Mississippi has led to an increase in summer or very early fall migration records.

The Double-crested Cormorant beings to arrive in early September, with the bulk of wintering birds arriving in early October, and departs by mid-April (April 15). Extreme dates are made uncertain by the increase in “summer” records, but include September 3, 1985 at Lafitte National Park (DM) and May 24, 1981, in New Orleans (JR).

NEOTROPIC CORMORANT (Phacrocorax olivaceous) Casual Vagrant

This cormorant, formerly “Olivaceous Cormorant”, while common in Southwest Louisiana, has been recorded in Southeastern Louisiana on only six occasions: March 27 and April 14, 1959 at New Orleans (SAG), Aug. 9, 1986, (DM,RDP), Aug. 20, 1995 (RDP,GG), March 28, 1997 (MM,PW), the last three records being from Fourchon Rd. (Lafourche), and Sept. 11, 2004 (DPM) at New Orleans. According to Portnoy (1976), Olivaceous Cormorants were reported during the breeding season at Delta NWR during the 1960's; it is not known whether the identifcations were correct. Any cormorant suspected to be of this species should be identified with great caution, even though it is abundant in Southwestern Louisiana, and has been expanding eastward into the Lafayette/Atchafalaya area.

The best field-mark is the dirty yellow gular pouch which has a sharply angular rather than rounded rear margin, but the long-tailed look in flight is quite distinctive. The gular pouch is edged with white in breeding condition, but observers should be cautioned that Double-crested Cormorants often show a very thin fringe of white edging the gular pouch, even in winter. The supraloral area is yellow in Double-crested Cormorant and dark in this species. While an occasional Double-crested Cormorant can be found in summer near the coast, and perhaps on Lake Pontchartrain, it may be as likely that summering cormorants would be of this species....[Aud. bird rehab?]

FAMILY Anhingidae ANHINGAS

ANHINGA (Anhinga anhinga) Regular in breeding season, uncommon in winter.

A denizen of the true swamp, the Anhinga is most often found north of U.S. 90 during the breeding season, particularly in cypress swamps on the east or west sides of Lake Pontchartrain, i.e., the Bonnet Carre Spillway, Manchac-Pontchatoula, and the Pearl River bottoms. During migration in late March and April, and in September and October, it may be seen anywhere, soaring singly, or in small numbers. Winter records have become increasingly common, so that it is now expected on a New Orleans Christmas Count; typical spots will be wet woods along canals, near Recovery I landfill, etc. Given this fact, extreme dates of occurrence may be somewhat arbitrary.

Expected dates of occurrence are April 1 to November 1. Extreme dates are March 11, 1991 near des Allemandes (NN,MM,RDP) and Nov. 23, 1984 at New Orleans (DM).

FAMILY Fregatidae FRIGATEBIRDS

MAGNIFICENT FRIGATE-BIRD (Fregata magnificens) Uncommon to locally common summer visitor (non-breeding).

Although this extraordinary bird is not known to breed in Louisiana, it is present from April to November along the coast, sometimes in large numbers. It is not a true pelagic bird, being always found near the coast, albeit not often on the coast proper and never inland except during tropical storms (when they are often seen on Lake Pontchartrain). As Hurricane Ivan approached New Orleans on Sept. 15, 2004, 1000-1600 were seen in the eastern part of the city (DM,PW), and 1440 were counted moving west along the lakefront in Jefferson Par. (RDP). Historically, the largest concentrations have been in the vicinity of North Island in the Chandeleurs, near the site of the old Brown Pelican colony. The demise of the Brown Pelican and the killing of the black mangroves on which they roosted raises questions about their continued presence in such numbers. Esimates of 3-10,000 near North Island were routine through the 1960's. Since Hurricane Camille in 1969, most visits by Louisiana observers have been from the south, i.e., from Hopedale or Venice, rather than from the north, as was the case when Gulf Islands (or Breton Island) NWR headquarters were in Ocean Springs, Miss. The result is that little current information is available on the size of the North Island "colony." On Aug. 1, 1969, this writer estimated a maximum of 1000 at North Island. It is, however, common to seen Frigate-birds numbers in the tens to dozens over Breton and Chandeleur Sounds, and at the nearby marsh edge, during the summer.

Although the breeding of this species at Marquesas Keys, Fla. since 1970 at least raises the possibility of nesting in Louisiana , the report by Stanley C. Arthur (1918) that Colonel Theodore Roosevelt removed an egg belonging to this species from a nest on Grand Gosier Island in 1915 has no independent substantiation.

Expected dates are about April 1 until about November 1. Extreme dates are Mar. 3, 1992 at Grand Isle (JW) and Nov. 21, 1982 at Venice (MM,RDP). There are two mid-winter records: from Grand Isle, on ...... and Buras on Dec. 30, 2002 (RDP,GO,EW).

ORDER Ciconiformes

FAMILY Ardeidae HERONS AND BITTERNS

An invaluable source of information on coastal nesting of all heron species is Portnoy (1977).

AMERICAN BITTERN (Botaurus lentiginosus) Uncommon to rare winter resident

Although American Bittern can be expected throughout the coastal marsh, its numbers have so declined markedly since the 1960s, that it can be considered almost rare. G.E. Beyer claimed that this species bred at Madisonville in 1891, but there has been no other hint of breeding in southeast Louisiana, nor any recent nesting records for Louisiana. Interestingly, there have been more records of Am. Bittern in the late 90s, than in the earlier decade or so; whether this represents a recovery or just more searching is hard to tell.

The expected dates of wintering are October 10 to April 15; the extreme dates of occurrence are Sept. 12, 2002 (DM) at Lafitte NP [Sept. 19, 1957 on Fourchon Rd. (SAG?) (PW,CS?)] and Apr. 25, 1976 at Venice (RH,MM,NN)

LEAST BITTERN (Ixobrychus exillis) Uncommon summer resident

Least Bitterns are most numerous in fresh to brackish or intermediate marshes and seem to prefer cattail, bullrush, or roseau cane, although their numbers have also declined in the past two decades. Territories are on the order of 2 acres in extent. Expected dates of summering are April 15 to September 15, and extreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 11, 1870 at the Rigolets (HWH) and Nov. 4, 1961 at Triumph (SAG). There are however at least four winter records: Dec. 20, 1958, New Orleans (SAG); Jan. 17, 1971, Venice (RJN,DN); Dec. 28, 1972, Venice (RDP, et al); Feb. 18, 1973, Venice (RDP,RJN); Dec. 29, 1991 at Venice (......--2)......

GREAT BLUE HERON (Ardea herodias) Common resident

While the Great Blue Heron may be found wherever there is marsh or on the shore of lakes and even the gulf, it is primarily a fresh marsh and swamp nesting species, its colonies typically measuring 50-200 pairs. New Orleans Christmas Count data indicate an increase in numbers since the early 1970's. There are three records of the white morph, the "Great White Heron", which one day may again be considered a separate species: one at New Orleans' Lakefront Airport Oct. 31-Nov. 15, 1981 (DM, m.ob.), photographed by the author, but at considerable distance; Mar. 21, 1982 at Delta NWR (JS); and Feb. 25-...., 1987 at Grand Isle (AS,GS, Kenn Kaufman), phtographed by Mac Myers and the author. A well-known and easily viewed nesting colony of the Great Blue Heron is at the Bald Eagle nest site near White Kitchen, St. Tammany Parish.

GREAT EGRET (Casmerodius albus) Common to abundant resident in coastal marsh and other wetland types.

The Great Egret nests in all weland habitat types, including the barrier islands. Its nests are usually on the highest point of the woody vegetation or in the tree canopy. The largest breeding concentration found by Portnoy (1977) was a colony of nearly 4000 adults.

SNOWY EGRET (Egretta thusla) Common to abundant resident

The Snowy Egret is one of the most characteristic birds of the coastal marsh. It nests abundantly in marsh and swamp habitat. In 1976 one colony on Delta NWR in Phragmites contained 12,000 adults. Numbers on New Orleans Christmas Bird Counts have increased since the early 1970's. At least 1000 were seen on Fourchon Rd., Lafourche Par., on June 17, 1984, and nearly twice that number there on June 17?, 1989.

LITTLE BLUE HERON (Egretta caerulea) Common to sometimes abundant resident

The Little Blue Heron nests most commonly in swamps and fresh-water marshes, often with Snowy Egrets. According to Lowery (1974), many leave Louisiana to winter in Central America. Since 1970, numbers on the New Orleans CBC have ranged from 7 in 1974, to 3247 in 1985, owing in part to their gregariousness. Usually one will see a few to several on a trip to the coast.

TRI-COLORED HERON (Egretta tricolor) Common resident

The preferred habitat of this species, which is better (more properly?) known locally by its former name, Louisiana Heron, is salt marsh, but it breeds in fresh and brackish areas as well. In 1976 two colonies in Barataria Bay totalled 33,000 adults (Portnoy, 1977). Typically the Louisiana Heron occupies the lowest of the available nesting sites. An increase in numbers since the early 1970's is indicated by the New Orleans CBC data.

REDDISH EGRET (Egretta rufescens) Uncommon resident

The Reddish Egret nests on the islands adjacent to the Mississippi delta, and especially in the Chandeleur chain (see Portnoy, 1977). It formerly nested in Black Mangrove thickets on Freemason Island, with Louisiana Herons, but several freezes since 1962 have caused Black Mangrove to retreat to about 29 ^o latitude at its northernmost. In the summer of 1976, the largest colony found by Portnoy was on Lonesome I., where 210 breeding adults were counted. In recent years this island has been shrinking drastically because of the susidence of the delta, and the rich heron colony there may soon be a thing of the past. At least a few Reddish Egrets breed in the heronry near the mouth of Belle Pass in Lafourche Par. Reddish Egrets are rarely encountered away from the coast, the main exceptions being associated with tropical storms.

Although white-phase individuals are relatively rare in Louisiana, there are 15-20 records for southeast Louisiana, and perhps one or two are recorded annually, usually near Grand Isle (perhaps 1:25?). Of 41 adults seen on the Chandeleurs June 21-23, 1973 (RJN,RBH,AWP,HDP), 5 were white-phase. Away from their small nesting colonies, Reddish Egrets are most frequently seen in the Fourchon-Grand Isle area, and most commonly in fall. Outside the nesting areas, the largest number recorded is 15 in Lafourche Par. on Aug. 22, 1977. There are at least nine New Orleans records of this primarily coastal species, all or almost all associated with tropcial storms. These include Sept. 4-Oct. 2, 1977 (RDP,MM), a product of tropical storms "Anita" and "Babe," fall 1981 in Metairie (FB--photographed), and Aug. 6-15, 1982 in New Orleans (DM,MM,RDP). While an Aug. 16, 1985 record was associated with Hurricane Danny, records on Sept. 5-7, 1986 on Highway 11 and Feb. 8, 1987 at Lafitte NP were unrelated to any storm activity. The latter record is the only non-coastal record after October. One in New Orleans on Aug. 26 (DM,PY) was a direct result of Hurricane Andrew, one there on Sep. 2, 1998 (DPM,PY) was a product of Hurricane Earl, and another, on Sep. 9?, 1998 at Irish Bayou (RDP) followed Tropical Storms Francis and. Hermine. One on Sep. 29 (PY,DPM,BR) New Orleans--Georges. One seen in New Orleans on Sept. 11, 2004 (DM) was four days in advance of Hurricane Ivan.

On Sept. 30, 1978, a color-banded individual was observed at Grand Isle (MB) that had been banded during the summer of 1977 at Rockport, Texas.

CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis) Common to abundant resident

Cattle Egrets first appeared in Louisiana in the fall and winter of 1955-56. They nest mainly in fresh water swamps and marshes, often in huge colonies, but will nest on marshy islands at the edge of the delta as well (e.g., Lonsome I.).

GREEN HERON (Butorides striatus) Üncommon to common summer resident; rare, but regular in winter near the coast.

Small numbers of Green Herons (briefly Green-backed) are recorded in winter, mostly in the vicinity of Venice. Although they are primarily solitary nesters, colonies are not extraordinary, e.g., 25+ nests in the oaks at Ft. Jackson, May 17, 1983 (Joe Neal). Expected dates are March 25 to October 25; extrreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 2, 1956 at Venice (JPG) [or Feb. 27, 2000 in the Venice area (MM,RDP,PW--3)] and Nov. 9, 1958 at New Orleans (SAG). Keep in mind, however, that winter records are rather common, with one to a few occurring on every Venice CBC, for example.

BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON (Nycticorax nycticorax) Uncommon to common resident, mostly near the coast.

This species favors brackish or salt water and is less common in the immediate vicinity of New Orleans than in or near the coastal marsh. It nests commonly on the Chandeleurs, including Curlew and Breton Islands, has nested on marshy islands such as Lonesome I., and in large heronries with White Ibis and various herons on Delta NWR. It is also common in Barataria Bay, where colonies may contain up to 4000 adults.

YELLOW-CROWNED NIGHT-HERON (Nycticorax violacea) Common summer resident, rare winter resident locally.

Although less frequent in the coastal marsh and on offshore islands than the previous species, the Yellow-crowned Night Heron is more widely distributed and more likely to be seen near inhabited areas and in bottomland hardwoods or cypress-tupelo swamp. Frequently its calls are heard overhead at night during migration. Although there over two dozen winter records, and while the Yellow-crowned Night Heron seems to be more regular in winter than previously, it should nonetheless be considered unexpected. Immatures, especially, should be identified with care. Note the brighter red eye color, if possible, and especially the rather grayish body plumage of this species, compared to the rather brown, buffy coloration of the young Black-crowned Night Heron. Night herons in flight are easy to distinguish, the Yellow-crowned having longer legs so that the toes extend well past the tail.

Expected dates are March 10 to October 10; extreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 5 , 2000[2004?] in New Orleans (GO&JB) and Nov. 26, 1978 at Reserve (MW).

FAMILY Threskiornithidae IBISES AND SPOONBILLS

WHITE IBIS (Eudocimus albus) Common to abundant resident

The White Ibis is common in or near the marshes and swamps of southeastern Louisiana. While it may be found anywhere, from hardwood bottoms to the coast (and even the barrier islands), it is most frequently seen along the west side of Lake Pontchartrain, from near the Bonnet Carre Spillway to Manchac, to Pontchatoula. The largest known White Ibis colony in Louisiana, near the north shore of Lake Manchac, contained 60,000 breeding adults in 1976 (Portnoy, 1977).

GLOSSY IBIS (Plegadis falcinellus) Uncommon resident near the coast

Southeast Louisiana is the only place where the two species of plegadis breed, so that it is here that the identification is most immediate. Because of the similarity of the two species, it is difficult to be sure about relative abundance. Generally, it seems to be true that the Glossy Ibis is the more common of the two in Plaquemines Parish, in the vicinity of Venice, and that, as is true of the distribution on the large scale, the balance begins to shift to the north and west. Neither species is frequently seen near the coast in the vicinity of Grand Isle, although they breed together on islands in Barataria Bay. Plegadis ibis are often seen west of the city along the west side of Lake Pontchartrain and along U.S. 90. In the immediate vicinity of New Orleans, they are most likely seen along U.S. 11 in the eastern part of the city.

While identification of immatures should not generally be attempted, adults are not especially difficult to identify if seen well. The White-faced Ibis shows a white fringe of feathers around the "face" , but only in breeding season. Nonetheless, the red eye and reddish facial skin are diagnostic of the White-faced Ibis, in contrast to the bluish-gray facial skin of the Glossy Ibis, and especially the bluish to almost gray-white lores. The eye is brown.

Plegaids colonies vary in size from less than 100 to more than 5000 breeding pairs.

WHITE-FACED IBIS (Plegadis chihi) Uncommon to common resident in marshy habitat

On the whole, the White-faced Ibis is the most likely of the two species to be encountered in southeast Louisiana, but not by a large margin. To the east, the opposite is true, and toward southwest Louisiana, the Glossy Ibis almost disappears altogether. A 1974 die-off of this species in Texas was attributed to high levels of DDE, dieldrin, and aldrin (all chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides).

ROSEATE SPOONBILL (Ajaia ajaia) Uncommon to rare post-breeding wanderer in summer and fall; now breeding

Although Southeastern Louisiana is much to the east of the main populations of this species and it is usually only encountered in the late summer or early fall, after breeding, spoonbills are now breeding at the lower end of Bayou Lafourse near the mouth of Belle Pass, based on observations in April 1999, when a few score were found nesting with several species of herons and White Ibis. They may also nest, as they have in the past, on Isle Derniere (May 26, 1978, JMV) or neighboring islands in Terrebonne Parish. Nestlings were brought to New Orleans' Audubon Zoo from Terrebonne Bay in 1980 and 1982. A Roseate Spoonbill was captured on the gulf 40 miles south of Grand Isle on Apr. 7, 1951 (J.N. Gowanloch, La. Conserv. 3, 4, 24 (1951)).

There were, at most, two records for Se. Louisiana prior to be 1959. Beginning with a record in September 1981 (Sept. 6, Grand Isle (RDP,NN,JR,SN)) sightings in coastal Southeast Louisiana have become almost routine, usually from Fourchon Rd., with records in every year except 1982. Also of historical interest are the records of 6 at Venice on Sep. 26, 1987 (NN,RDP), and another there on Oct. 3, 1993 (RDP); summer records have significantly increased in the Venice area (Tiger Pass) in recent years. There are now over 15 records for the immediate vicinity of New Orleans, mostly post-breeding wanderers: Aug. 10, 1968 (WW,LW,JK) and July 3-.August 13, 1989 (....) both on US 11 in New Orleans East, one at Slidell, .... 1989, July 5, 1992, Bayou Sauvage NWR (AS,GS--7) one on the 1992 New Orleans CBC, Dec. 26, 1992 (GS,RSe), etc. The latter is the only known winter record away from the coast. Recently there have been New Orleans records associated with Hurricanes/Tropical Storms Francis, Georges, and Isidore, the latter storm producing an Audubon Park record. Following Hurricane Lili, at least five were seen in City Park, on Oct. 3, 2002. DPM (11/04)

FAMILY Ciconiidae STORKS

WOOD STORK ( Mycteria americana) Casual post-breeding wanderer

The paucity of records of this species is a little surprising. Post-breeding dispersal takes it into wooded river valleys in East Texas through Arkansas. in late summer, and it is regular at that time of the year in southwest to central Louisiana, e.g., Cameron Parish, the Morganza Spillway, north along I-49 in Rapides Parish, etc., sometimes in large numbers. It may occur in the lower Pearl River drainage in late summer and early fall., but there are no data to substantiate that conjecture, and perhaps Southeast Louisiana represents a hiatus in its post-breeding dispersal. In any case, there are at best a dozen records for southeastern Louisiana. G.E. Beyer, in the early part of the century, claimed to have found Wood Storks nesting in St. Tammany Parish, in two colonies of 40 birds each on the Bogue Chitto and Bedico rivers. While these may in fact have simply been post-breeding wanderers, one should read the description by Beyer, et al (1908) before making up his mind. The records are: Jan. 21, 1932, Point-a-la-Hache (HCO--15); Dec. 19, 1932, Main Pass (HCO); July 24, 1978, Labranche (FB); Nov. 21-Dec. 13, 1978, New Orleans (Jim Whelan,NN,et al); Aug. 18, 1980, near Honey Island Swamp (JR); and Oct. 5, 1985, Goose Point (AS,GS--9). Finally, four were seen over the New Orleans lakefront on Nov......., 1989 (AS,GS), and one was seen on Fourchon Rd...... More recently, ten were seen over New Orleans on July 19, 1992 (GS,AS) and there were at least three records in late summer 1993 over New Orleans and Metairie. There were two New Orleans records in September 2004 (MP?). There is also a report from Port Louis on the north shore of L. Pontchatrain.

ORDER Phoenicopteriformes

FAMILY Phoenicopteridae FLAMINGOS

ORDER Facloniiformes

FAMILY Cathartidae VULTURES

BLACK VULTURE (Coragyps atratus) Uncommon to common resident and breeding bird.

While the Black Vulture is not uncommon south of New Orleans and north of Lake Pontchartrain, it is not especially common elsewhere and seems rarely to be found over the coastal marsh. Brown and Amadon (1968) remark that the Black Vulture is probably the most common of all western hemisphere birds of prey, largely because of large Mexican populations. Recent biochemical taxonomic research places the vultures in the stork family.

TURKEY VULTURE (Cathartes aura) Common resident and breeding bird.

The number of Turkey Vultures recorded on New Orleans Christmas Counts has risen since the early 1970's, a fact which may simply reflect changing land use patterns. Turkey Vultures nest on the ground in brushy tangles and briar patches, or in hollow logs or stumps. They common sleep in roosts of significant size.

FAMILY Accidpitridae HAWKS, HARRIERS

OSPREY (Pandion haliaetus) Uncommon migrant, regular in winter especially near Venice, breeding in the lower delta, perhaps elsewhere

This beautiful hawk may be seen anywhere in migration, but is regularly found in winter mainly in the vicinity of Venice. But winter records from the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain and near the south shore of the lake, formerly virtually unknown, have become much more frequent. Ospreys have been breeding in the Venice area (and perhaps elsewhere) since at least 1974, beginning with a nest that was used for at least seven years, noted first on March 30, 1974 (MM,m.ob.), plus two currently active nests below Venice. Donald Bradburn reports that he observed nesting near Lacombe in the 1930's, up through 1942. Among other early records suggestive of breeding, there are June 23, 1974 in St. Bernard Parish (RJN, et al), and on the Mississippi River below Venice on Aug. 9, 1985 (DM,RDP--2).

Although the Osprey is found on virtually every winter trip to Venice, with numbers of five or more not unusual, and winter records from the New Orleans area are increasingly common. Earliest records include Dec. 26, 1983 (FB,CK) at New Orleans, one on US 11, Feb. 4, 1984 (DM,NN), etc.

Expected dates are March 25 to May 1 and September 20 to November 25, although the numerous winter records the late fall and early spring dates uncertain. Extreme dates of occurrence in spring are Feb. 26, 1967 at Venice and May 28, 1984 at Venice (NLN,DM); in fall the dates are Aug. 11, 1957 at New Orleans (SAG) and Dec. 7, 1958 at Ft. Jackson (DS).

AMERICAN SWALLOW-TAILED KITE (Elanoides forficatus) Uncomon in summer

The Swallow-tailed Kite is one of the best-loved birds of Southeastern Louisiana; one of the high points of spring is the sight of the first migrating Swallow-tailed Kites in mid March. They breed in the Pearl River basin, and north and west of Lake Pontchartrain, and are often seen near pine upland edges of the hardwood bottoms. They can be found in Honey Island Swamp from April through at least late August, but are not often seen anywhere in fall migration. George Beyer wrote, in 1879, that "During the early part of September, it may be seen on the shores of Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Borgne, etc., in flocks of fifteen or twenty individuals."

In the absence of specific knowledge of a nest location, some of the best places to see a Swallow-tailed Kite .are in the vicinity of old US 11 in the Honey Island Wildlife Management area, especially on the dirt roads which go south from it, and the stretch of Interstate 59 between the Pearl River and the Mississippi line, which is much more open. The call is a short, sharp kleet!, kleet-kleet! (most often), or kleet-kleet-kleet! (RDP).

For over a decade, .Jennifer Coulson has been studying Swallow-tailed Kite nests in the Pearl River basin and and west to at least Mandeville,, banding juveniles and attaching radio transmitters to some individuals which have been tracked to South America. In the summer of 1999, Coulson counted over 150 individuals in an aerial survey of both the Louisiana and Mississippi sides of the Pearl River bottoms, and 149 were counted in 2000. In the summer of 2002, Coulson’s aerial surveys yielded 216 individuals, and 29 of 33 nests, mostly in the Pearl River bottoms, fledged at least one young.

Expected dates are March 1 (Feb. 20?) to about September 1, and though a few are seen before March 1, not many are seen before mid-March. Feb. 27, 1993 in Plaquemines Parish (JS) and Feb. 28, 1959 at Grand Isle (ART,EDL,MEC). A bird seen on February 15, 2003 was (MW) was just beyond the western edge of the checklist area. Latest ever is Aug. 31, 1972 at Pontchatoula (AWP,Ted Joanen), except that a radio tagged bird was still present in .......as late as 2002. ..[late? Sept. 2004 JC?] Apparent migrants have been seen as late as the end of May in lower Plaquemines Parish.

WHITE-TAILED KITE (Elanus caeruleus) Rare vagrant or winter visitor

It is difficult to know exactly what the status of this kite (now White-tailed Kite again, after briefly being lumped with Black-shouldered Kite) is in Southeastern Louisiana; what is written today may be proved wrong tomorrow. Before 1983 there were but two records for this region, nearly a century apart: Oct. 11, 1890 at Kenner (GEB) and Nov. 27, 1977 near Raceland (NN,RDP). Up to that time, there was only one other record for Louisiana, but that was of a nesting in north Louisiana. Then, in the fall and winter of 1982-83, two pairs wintered in Southwest Mississippi near US 90 and the Louisiana border, and apparently two separate pairs nested in St. Tammany Parish the following summer, including one north of La 36 near the St. Tammany townsite, discovered on June 5 (RDP). This pair apparently nested twice and fledged young in late August (JH,JFH,HP), with an adult seen as late as Sep. 5 (JH). Records during December 1983 and January 1984 near Abita Springs may have been of one or more of these birds. There was a sighting at White Kitchen in February 1985 (Krista Morgan) and there have been one, possibly two sightings at the "Turf Farm" south of La 36 between the intersection of La 1088 and Abita Springs. The large open fields north of the lake resulting from clearcutting offer excellent habitat for these birds. More recently, single birds were seen near Alliance and near Myrtle Grove during the spring of 1989, and then again in September and October (three occasions, Sep. 17-Oct. 7 NN,RDP,m.ob.), 5 -1/4 miles south of Lake Hermitage Road. This drained area, almost prairie-like, is again excellent habitat for Black-shouldered Kites; they may very well have nested there, since as many as four were seen in September 1989. There were additional records in the fall of 1993: Nov. 21 at Alliance (NN,RDP,GG) and Nov. 26 at Myrtle Grove (NN,DM,PY..--2). More recently, there was a record from near Bohemia, on the east bank of the river, Jan. 16, 1999 (GO), and two records in the fall of 2000, both on Nov. 26: Crescent Acres dump (JC,TC) and below Myrtle Grove (DM,MM,RDP).

In the past five years or so, records seem to have become scarcer, and it is not known whether a few still hang out near Myrtle Grove. There have been no recent records from the Florida parishes. In the last 15 years, this species has become regular in Southwest Louisiana, especially from Lake Arthur west to Holly Beach, and nesting is documented there.

MISSISSIPPI KITE (Ictinia misissippiensis) Common summer resident.

The Mississippi Kite is a conspicuous summer resident of sizeable deciduous woodlands in Southeast Louisiana. It still nests within the city limits of New Orleans, expecially on the west bank of the river and in the eastern part of the city. Good places to look for it are on the Mississippi River batture above New Orleans, along I10 in New Orleans East, near Paris Road, in the Bonnet Carre Spillway, and so on. There is some indication that numbers are declining locally, but it is difficult to sort out the effects of a true decline from the massive changes in habitat near the city, which makes them hard to find in areas where they were once common. In fall, Mississippi Kite migration becomes conspicuous after about August 1. The call is a drawn out, very thin whistled note, usually consisting of two parts, a sort of “wheet-sweeeeee” [or seet-wheee!]. The only likely confusion is with Broad-winged Hawk, which, however, is thinner still, and ordinarily consists of a single note.

Expected dates are April 5 to September 1, although an occasional individual will be seen well into September. Extreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 4, 1956 at New Orleans (SAG) [Apr. 1, 2001 Metairie (R. Creef)][late March 2004, PW,DM] and Oct. 9, 1989 at Grand Isle (AS,GS).

BALD EAGLE (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Rare breeding bird (September-March) and rare to casual winter visitor.

There are more than a dozen active Bald Eagle nests in Southeast Louisiana, representing a remarkable recovery from the days when pesticides had severely threated the species’ survival. One of the best known nest and one of the most accessible to viewing is at White Kitchen, St. Tammany Par., just east of the intersection of US 90 and 190, on land now owned by the Nature Conservancy. Other nests are on Lake Salvador, near Jesuit Bend, north of Paradis, below Lafitte, and in the Good Hope oil field. Birds nesting near Paradis are sometimes seen flying over US 90 Des Allemandes or Paradis. At least 5 were recorded on the Dec. 27, 2003 New Orleans CBC.

Nesting birds arrive in late September and depart by about the first of April, as soon as young are fledged. Wintering individuals may be seen occasionally, almost anywhere, but especially in the Bonnet Carre Spillway area. There are at least 150? pairs currently nesting in Louisiana. Typically, the birds nest in the transition zone between cypress swamp and fresh marsh (fide Rich Martin).

Some typical arrival dates are Sept. 16, 1973 in the Pearl River bottoms, Sept. 16, 1976 at Lafitte (FB), Oct. 2, 1977 at White Kitchen (PS), and Sept. 22, 1989 at Paradis. The latest record is May 13, 1984 near des Allemandes (RDP,DM). One of the few summer records for the area is of one in the summer of 1991 at Bayou Sauvage NWR.

NORTHERN HARRIER (Cicus cyaneus) Common winter visitor to the coastal marsh.

The Northern Harrier ("Marsh Hawk") is a familiar sight coursing low over marshes and fields in winter, easily identified by its somewhat "rocking" flight on dihedral wings, and white base of the tail. It should be noted that the much rarer Black-shouldered Kite often can be mistaken for a Marsh Hawk, although its greater inclination to hover often will give it away. New Orleans Christmas Cout data indicate a decline in the mid-1960's, a slight recovery around 1970 followed by further decline into the early to mid 1970's, and finally a peak in the late 1970's.

Expected dates are October 10 to April 5; extreme dates of occurrence are Sept. 5, 1993 at Grand Isle (RDP) [previously Sept. 20, 1987 at Grand Isle (MM,AS,GS)] and Apr. 15, 1961 at Venice (SAG).

SHARP-SHINNED HAWK (Accipiter striatus) Uncommon winter resident.

This small woodland hawk is much the commoner of the two regular accipiters in Southeast Louisiana; it is occasionally seen in large numbers during fall migration, following a cold front around the end of September. On such occasions, perhaps dozens might be counted, although vastly greater numbers are sometimes noted in coastal Southwest Louisiana. The "sharpy" can usually be recognized by its combination of a long tail with sharp "corners" and a head which projects only modestly beyond the wing. The male is only about the size of a blue jay, but the female is considerably larger, making confustion with male Cooper's Hawk possible. Although there is concern over the status of this hawk--as there should be with all raptors--its number have held relatively constant over the past 20 years. A winter day a-field will usually yield one or more Sharpys..

Expected dates of wintering are October 5 to April 15; extreme dates of occurrence are Sep. 21, 1960 in Lafourche Par. (RDP,MM,NN,SP) and May 17, 1976 (NN). Out of season reports include: Aug. 5, 1890 at Mandeville (GEB) and July 14, 1962 at Reserve (RJS). Summer?

COOPER'S HAWK (Accipiter cooperii) uncommon winter visitor, erratic in breeding season, but apparently becoming more common.

As breeding populations in the northern and eastern United States declined, Cooper’s Hawk became correspondingly scarce in this area in winter. In recent years, however, beginning in the 1980s, there has been a dramatic increase in numbers, and increasingly frequent evidence of nesting in the area. Because of the similarity in size of male Cooper's and female Sharp-shinned Hawks, this species should be identified with care. Cooper's Hawk has a head which projects well beyond the wing and its long tail is conspicuously rounded (although the tailed on a Sharp-shinned Hawk can look rounded if it is spread). Coooper’s Hawks have a wider white tip to the tail, straighter wings, and the adults have a stronly capped look (Zimmer, 2000). A female is more likely to be confused with a Broad-winged Hawk than a sharpy.

Cooper's Hawk breeds sparingly, but increasingly, in the area, usually in fairly deep woods, although few nests are known. It is definitely known to have nested near Livingston, just west of the checklist area, and is seen during the breeding season with increasing frequency, notably in the vicinity of Empire and Venice, but increasingly almost anywhere, and has recently bred in the city itself (fide PY, TC,JC). Recently, a pair nested and raised 3 young in Fleur de Lis Park, New Orleans, during June 2000 (fide JS). It is not known whether breeding Cooper’s Hawks are resident, or winter elsewhere, but Cooper’s Hawks numbers increase markedly as northern birds migrate south beginning in October.

George Beyer claimed to have shot a female on Aug. 2, 1890 and a male on Aug. 11 of the same year, on "Pine Island," near Madisonville. A recent August record is Aug. 8, 1988 at Grand Isle (RDP,MM?). etc.

Expected dates of wintering are October 5 to April 1.

NORTHERN GOSHAWK (Accipiter gentilis) Accidental in winter.

There is one record of this magnificent raptor from the edge of the checklist area. It is of a bird shot at Amite on November 30, 1972. The bird had been banded near Duluth, Minn. on Aug. 30 of the same year.

RED-SHOULDERED HAWK (Buteo lineatus) Common resident.

The Red-shouldered Hawk is the standard breeding buteo of deep woods and swamp throughout the area. Its loud and distinctive cry carries a long distance, making it possible to hear one of these birds almost anywhere in Southeast Louisiana. There is even a record of one soaring over Curlew Island in the Chandeleurs. Red-shouldered Hawks are probably most common in cypress-tupelo swamp, where they commonly nest--as they do in other deep woodland areas, near the top of a large tree. The population declines which occurred in the 1960s and 1970s in the northern U.S. were not experienced in southern Louisian, with numbers on New Orleans Christmas Bird Counts remaining essentially constant since the 1950's at about 0.5 individuals per party hour. The essential field marks, often easier to see in flight than those given in the field guides, are the crescent-shaped "windows" near the wing tips (base of primaries). Red-shouldered Hawks are relatively long-winged and long-tailed, and of course one can often see the red shoulder or the tail stripes of the adult.

BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus) Common migrant, regular (uncommon to common) local breeder, and casual winter visitor near the coast.

This small buteo is encountered in Southeast Louisiana mainly as a migrant, though rarely in the kinds of numbers that are typical of its favorred migration routes (including southwest Louisiana, in fall). It does, however, breed regularly north of Lake Pontchartrain in mixzed pine-deciduous woods, often near creek or river bottoms. In summer its thin whistled call will often be heard even when the bird cannot be found (take care, however, not to confuse it with the similar call of the Mississippi Kite). It continues to be found in the breeding season in small numbers south of the lake as well, as evidenced by records by Yaukey in June of 1995 from Jean Lafitte NP (June 6) and in Metairie near the Earhart Expressway (June 12 and 15). It is also common enough on the coast in winter so that it has virtually come to be expected at Venice. This should by no means lull one into careless identification of a Broad-wing in winter. In spite of upwards of 40 well-documented winter records, including some calling birds, Broad-winged Hawks in winter should be assumed to be extraordinary and should be reported, with careful details. Many of the birds seen in the winter are immatures and can be identified by their small size, broad wings, brownish striped tail, prominent superciliary stripe, and, especially, the dark trailing edge of the wing (not a unique feature, but a very helpful one). Most birds will be immatures, which have a tail with is a chocolate color with narrow darker transverse bands; from below the tail is grayish, again with narrow dark bands. There are a number of excellent photographs of winter Broad-wings from the lower delta (RDP,DM).

Expected dates of migrants are April 1 to May 5 and August 10 to November 15; extreme dates of occurrence in spring are March 26, 1978 at Grand Isle (MM,NN,JR), and in fall, July 28, 1979 at New Orleans (JR--4) and Dec. 2, 1961 at Triumph (SAG). There is no way to know whether the latter bird was overwintering.

SWAINSON'S HAWK (Buteo swainsoni) Casual fall migrant, casual to accidental winter visitor.

There are at least 25 records of this western raptor, all but 6 between Sept. 7 and Nov. 19. The most likely time to encounter a Swainson's Hawk in the area is from mid-October to late November, near the coast.The distribution of 15 records is as follows: Sept. (3), Oct. (2), Nov. (7), Dec. (2), Jan. (1), and Feb. (1). A Swainson's Hawk, apparently captured in New Orleans East in 1980, was in the New Orleans Zoo through March 1983 (RDP, Bill Clark; photos AS). Most records are of birds in fall migration, but, somewhat surprisingly, there are 6 records in the period Nov. 26–Feb. 7. There are no records from spring migration.

Swainson’s Hawk is readily identified by its “negative” underwing pattern, but its wing shape is also fairly distinctive: narrow, pointed, somewhat swept-forward looking.

The records are: Jan. 5-7, 1969 at Reserve (RJS), Sep. 7, 1970 at Golden Meadow (RJN,RJS), Sep. 11, 1978 at Leeville (RJS,RH); Nov. 26, 1978 at Ft. Jackson (JR,NN,RDP); Oct. 14, 1979 at Venice (RDP,MB,JR--5); Nov. 10, 1979 at Laplace (MW,RJS); Sep. 30, 1980 at Reserve (MW); Nov. 5, 1982 in Bonnet Carre Spillway (RJS); Dec. 2, 1984 at Madisonville (MM,DM,NN,RDP); Nov. 16, 1986 at Venice (JW,GC); Feb. 7, 1987 at Venice (SWC,DLD,DM); Nov. 8, 1987 at New Orleans (RDP--2); Nov. 19, 1987 at Port Sulphur (...); Oct. 6, 1988 Port Sulphur to Venice (NN,RDP--7); Nov. ..., 1989 (RDP,NN); Dec. 23, 1990 (GC,NN,RDP--ph); Oct. 29, 1992 at New Orleans (KVR). 1998? (PW--photo?). Venice 1999-2000 CBC, [2--SWC,DLD, JB, et al]. Nov. 17, 2002 at Grand Isle (DM). Nov. 5, 2003, Grand Isle (MM,CS); late March 2004, Chalmette (JC); Oct. 15, 2004 at Grand Isle (SWC,DLD–10), Dec. 11, 2004 New Orleans (DM,PW) (also Dec. 10, 2004 Bayou Sauvage (Richard Hale, et al).

ZONE-TAILED HAWK (Buteo albonotatus) Accidental

The single record of this species remains one of the most remarkable birds ever recorded on a New Orleans Christmas Count; it is of a female found on Dec. 23, 1985 by Tristan Davis and others and identified the next day (SAG,NN,RDP, PW, CK,CS,JH, JHSr,GO). It was captured later in the day (Dec. 24) by Davis and Nancy Newfield (et al), and was taken to New Orleans' Audubon Zoo Bird Rehabilitation Center. The bird, which was found to have been shot, eventually died while being exercised in anticipation of release. Excellent photographs were obtained in the field (RDP) and in the hand. This is the only record for Louisiana.

RED-TAILED HAWK (Buteo jamaicensis) Common winter visitor, breeding sparingly in the Florida Parishes

The Red-tailed Hawk is the common wintering Buteo of Louisiana. It can be found anywhere there are reasonably open fields for hunting. Especially large flights of Red-tails might be seen on the heels of cool fronts in middle to late October. Red-tailed Hawks evidently breed sparingly north of Lake Pontchartrain; certainly there have been recent summer records from that general area. Individuals vary from the very dark melanistic birds (including the rare race harlani , "Harlan's Hawk, which has been recorded on at least six occasions between Oct. 29 and Jan. 16) to the very light krideri ("Krider's Red-tail"). Two invariant characteristics are the blotched or patchy back and the dark leading edge of the wing. The distinct petagial marks help distinghish the Red-tail from some other buteos. The Red-tailed Hawk has held its own on New Orleans Christmas Bird Counts since 1960 at about 0.6 birds per party hour. For details on plumage variation, see the Birding article by......

The expected dates of occurrence are October 1 to April 1; extreme dates are Aug. 13, 1959 at New Orleans (SAG) and Apr. 25, 1976 at Venice (MM,NN,RH). The "summer" records include June 22, 1957 at Covington (SAG).

FERRUGINOUS HAWK (Buteo regalis) Casual to accidental winter visitor.

This large, light-plumaged buteo has suffered declines over much of its breeding range. It is casual in Louisiana with records coming primarily from the western or southwestern part of the state, in areas such as Gum Cove or the rice fields of south-central Louisiana. There is less appropriate habitat in SW. Louisiana, but fields north of Lake Pontchartrain and south of New Orleans near Myrtle Grove might attract this beautiful hawk. Because of the great variation in plumage of the Red-tailed Hawk, observers should be extremely cautious about identifying a buteo thought to be of this species. It is big-headed and short-necked, it has prominent wrist marks, and darkish-feathered tarsi. The white wing "patches" are distinctive, but are similar to those sometimes seen in light phase Red-tails.

Although there are four reports of Ferruginous Hawk from Southeast Louisiana, only the first is thoroughly documented. The records are Nov. 1, 1957 to Feb. 2, 1958 near Slidell (SAG,MEL,BM,BJD); Feb. 23, 1971 at the Rigolets (JK); Dec. 7, 1974 at Ft. Jackson (LS); and Nov. 19, 1978 at Venice (BC?).

ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK (Buteo lagopus) Casual winter visitor.

There are at least nine records of the Rough-legged Hawk , which only rarely makes it into Southeast Louisiana--though none since 1984. Although care is essential in its identification, it is, nonetheless, a rather distinctive hawk. Long-winged, with a long tail which is white at the base but has a rather large dark terminal band, and characterized by a prominent dark band on its lower belly, the Rough-legged Hawk appears light headed when perched or flying (the Red-tail is usually dark-faced). Note, of course, that the Red-tail shows a white base to the tail. Rough-legs like to hover, but so do Red-tailed Hawks.

The records, which span the period October to March, but which concentrate in December and January are: Mar. 12, 1933 at Grand Isle (GH*); Jan. 27, 1937 at Grand Isle (GLT); Dec. 14, 1968 at New Orleans (DS); Dec. 27, 1977 at Reserve (MW--2); Feb. 8, 1981 at New Orleans (NN, et al); Jan. 30-Feb. 14, Bayou Sauvage (DM,m.ob.); late Oct., 1982 in Tangipahoa Par. (fide NLN); Jan. 1984 on US 11 (DM, et al); Nov. 22, 1988 at Lacombe (AS,GS,CK).

GOLDEN EAGLE (Aquila chrysaetos) Accidental in winter.

Although Oberholser (1938) reported Golden Eagles shot near Bogalusa and Maringouin prior to 1930, the only definitive recent record for SE. Louisiana is of one w shot in the Pearl River bottoms during November 1975. Since the Golden Eagle does wander widely and occurs annually in southwest and central Louisiana, it might be expected to occur here occasionally, and there are reports suggestive of that.

AMERICAN KESTREL (Falco sparverius) Common winter resident; uncommon to rare breeding bird mostly north of Lake Pontchartrain.

This small falcon is the commonest of the hawks of Louisiana, and will be seen hovering over prey or watching from a telephone wire or branch of a dead tree, almost anywhere away from the immediate crush of civilization. It is, in fact. the only hawk--except perhaps for migrating Mississippi Kites, that is likely to be seen in or near the typical residential neighborhood--along a drainage canal, or on a transmission tower. Kestrels do breed north of Lake Pontchartrain, but in numbers small enough to be rather inconspicuous; for the most part, they are winter visitors. Although the species has been known to breed in uptown New Orleans, that was surely unusual. Though some think the Kestrel may have declined since the 1950's, Christmas Count data accumlated since 1960 indicate essentially constant numbers (0.6 birds per party-hour). Based on the AOU Checklist, two subspecies occur, F. s. sparverius and F. s. paulus, the latter being the breeding form.

An interesting record is May 16, 1985 off Southwest Pass of the Mississippi River (MM). The expected dates of wintering are September 1 to April 5; extreme dates away from breeding areas are July 24, 1982 at Irish Bayou (MM) and May 31, 1978 at New Orleans (JR).

MERLIN (Falco columbarius) Uncommon to almost rare winter visitor.

After a low in the 1960s, Merlin numbers increased significantly, only to decline again somewhat in the last few years. Yet it is still true that a fall or winter trip to Grand Isle or Venice will often turn up one or more of these magnificent small falcons. Beginners often have trouble separating them from the smaller and narrower-winged Kestrel, but to those familiar with them, they are very different birds--very strong fliers and very agressive birds of prey, with relatively broad wings and a distintive flight. And, of course, they are heavily streaked below. During the 1970's and 1980's, a good place to find a Merlin was on the East Campus of UNO.

Expected dates of wintering are October 1 to April 15, while extreme dates of occurrence are Sep. 5, 1984 at New Orleans (NN) and June 1, 1932 at Grand Isle (fide HCO).

PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus) Uncommon winter visitor.

The Peregrine is unquestionably the most magnificent of the birds of prey which winter in Louisiana. Peregrines evidently establish wintering territories and can often be found on favorite perches and rooting locations: water towers, radio antennae, high-rise buildings, etc. In Southeast Louisiana, a good place to see this bird is in the vicinity of Fourchon Road, or the nearby beach, an especially on the watertower along the road. Sometimes the one will be found on a communications tower instead, or near the beach. Fortunately Peregrine populations have recovered significantly as a result of the protection afforded by the Endangered Species Act and the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides from the environment, so that seeing one is considerably easier than 20 years ago when any observation was exciting, and three in one day, as in the .Fourchon area on Sep. 30, 1978 (MB,JR), was extraordinary.

Even with increased numbers, it is unusual to see more than one or two in a day in the field, and they are considerably more common near the coast than inland. One wintered in the New Orleans CBD for several years--and may still--beginning in the winter of 1981-82.

An injured Peregrine found in lower Lafourche Parish in the winter of 1984-85 had been banded earlier in the year in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska.

Expected dates are October 1 (September 25) to April 15; extreme dates are Sep. 7, 1959 at Reserve (RFC,MW) and May 9, 1987 at Grand Isle (MM,DM).

ORDER Galliformes

FAMILY Phasianidae QUAIL, PHEASANTS, GROUSE

WILD TURKEY (Melagris gallopavo) Common to resident of deciduous and pine flat woodlands with adjacent open areas.

The secretive habits of the turkey make estimates of its numbers difficult. They are rarely, if ever, encountered south of Lake Pontchartrain, being most common in pinewoods with adjacent fields into which they will venture to feed. Recently turkeys have been most often seen by birders near the Pearl River Wildlife Management Area and at the Mid-South Turf Farms on La. 36 between Abita Springs and St. Tammany. Occasionally, when the Pearl River is in flood, the Honey Island stretch of old U.S. 11 can be a good place to see turkeys. Most areas have been restocked with turkeys by the LWFC.

NORTHERN BOBWHITE (Colinus virginianus) Common to uncommon resident.

The familar Bobwhite quail is somewhat common in open, grassy areas with scrub or brush for cover, and along woodland edges. The Bobwhite has declined significantly in numbers during the past twenty years, at least near New Orleans. It is hard to know whether this only reflects habitat loss near the city, or a more general decline, due to peticides, changed land-use practices, fire ants, or other unknown causes.

ORDER Gruiformes

FAMILY Rallidae RAILS, GALLINULES, COOTS

YELLOW RAIL (Coturnicops novaboracensis) Rare and secretive winter resident.

Although there are 13 records of this elusive rail from Southeast Louisiana, there are but three since 1928, certainly a tribute to the intrepid observers of a half-century ago. On the other hand, there may have been significant declines on the wet prarie nesting grounds of this rail which have affected its abundance here. The Yellow Rail is one of the most sought-after "regular" species of Southeast Louisiana--to little avail. In recent years there have been scattered opportunistic records from Southwest Louisiana, and Yellow Rails can often be found during rice mowing operations in southwest-central Louisiana, near Crowley and nearby towns. It is not really known whether the occurrence of Yellow Rails in inland tall grass fields is only a feature of migration, with winter taking place on the coast, or whether they perhaps winter somewhat inland as well. Should one encounter mowing operations from mid-October on, or perhaps marsh burning near the coast, he should stop and watch for the possibility of flushing of Yellow Rails. All of this applies, of course, to the Black Rail as well, which is more secretic yet. Of the Yellow Rail, Beyer wrote that "hunting dogs very frequently catch them alive." Specimens of several of the records listed below still survive in the Tulane collection.

The records of Yellow Rail span the period November 5 to April 8. There are no January records, perhaps only reflecting reduced field work during this month. The known records are: Nov. 19, 1865, New Orleans (fide HCO)*; Apr. 4, 1874, New Orleans (fide HCO)*; Mar. 14, 1891, New Orleans (fide HCO)*; Nov. 5, 1892, New Orleans (fide HCO)*; Dec. 26, 1893, Diamond (fide HCO); Dec. 15-25, 1901, Plaquemines Par. (HLB); Feb. 25, 1902, Plaquemines Par. (HLB); Mar. 26, 1926, Grand Isle (ESH)*; Apr. 4, 1926, Grand Isle (ESH)*; Apr. 8, 1926, Grand Isle (ESH)*; Mar. 31, 1928, Grand Isle (ESH)*; Dec. 31, 1977, New Orleans (SAG); Dec. 23, 1978, Laplace (RBH,BC); Nov. 8, 1982, New Orleans (TB).

BLACK RAIL (Laterallus jamaicensis) Rare and secretive winter resident.

There seem to exist very few verifiable records of the Black Rail in Southeast Louisiana, including an undated one mentioned by Lowery (1974), and an individual collected at Grand Isle on Apr. 1, 1937, reported by Oberholser (1938). The most interesting and most recent record is of a bird, evidently a migrant, captured by a falconer’s Harris’ Hawk on the Crescent Acres Landfill in Arabi on Nov. 12, 1999 (JC,TC). There is also a recent sight record from the spring of 1995 at Grand Isle (fide DW). This paucity of records presumably can be attributed mainly to the near impossibility of flushing the Black Rail. There are several recent sight records from Southwest Louisiana, mostly opportunistic, and some from Dauphin Island, Al. There is an old report of nesting in Brazoria Co., TX, though some skepticism may be warranted.

Black Rails are probably most common in Spartina patens meadows, which unfortunately offer fabulous cover, or perhaps in saltgrass-salicornia salt marsh (Bent, 1926). Stewart and Robbins (1958) describe the habitat in Maryland as "a mixture of salt-meadow grass (Spartina patens) and spike grass [saltgrass, Distichlis spicata]." In the salicornia-saltgrass habitat, as on Grand Terre Island, for example, they would be much more easily flushed than in S. patens, if indeed they occur in that habitat. Recent evidence suggests they might be found at upland edges of saline marshes, on the theory that they “don’t like to get their f eet wet.” They are known to sing at night during the breeding season, perhaps after 10 p.m., and are readily attracted to a recorded version of their "song." Audubon, in his Ornithological Biography, wrote "I have received a letter from my friend J. Trudeau, M.D., in which he says that his father shot a considerable number of these rails last winter (1836-37) in the vicinity of New Orleans." Trudeau must have had a good dog, but one wonders what “the vicinity of New Orleans” means, since there is little salt marsh near the city.

CLAPPER RAIL (Rallus longirostris) Common resident of mostly saline marsh.

Although especially common in salt marsh, where the King Rail rarely if ever occurs, this species will intrude into the coastal brackish marsh, where it may interbreed with its cousin. Because Louisiana Clapper Rails have a very rich coloration, one cannot distinguish these species on the basis of the supposed rich color of the King Rail. On the other hand, the Clapper Rail will always have a grayish face. Other characters, such as the less dramatically contrasting white and black of the flanks, are less useful. The calls are more similar than some think, although the King Rail does have a richer, fuller call, contrasing with the sharper kik-kik-kik of the Clapper Rail. Typical habitat is the Spartina alterniflora salt marsh which is so ubiquitous along the coast.

KING RAIL (Rallus elegans) Rather common resident of intermediate and brackish marsh, mostly near the coast.

There is some feeling that perhaps the King Rail has declined in numbers in recent years, at least by comparison with the Clapper Rail, but there are no data to support this conclusion. King Rails is more likely to found near New Orleans, where the marsh is less saline than nearer the coast, but of course there is extensive fresh and brackish marsh below New Orleans, including the bird-foot delta of the Mississippi. For information on the life histories of the King Rail and the previous species, consult the AOU Monograph by Meanley (1969), which is based in considerable measure on observations made in Louisiana.

VIRGINIA RAIL (Rallus limicola) Uncommon winter resident.

To some extent the Virginia Rail looks like a diminutive version of the King Rail, and often is found in the same brackish habitat. It is far more often heard than seen, and often its vocalizations go unrecognized. One of its called resembles a long, slow, drawn-out King Rail call; another is a harsh "rare-ick' " , and there are other assorted noises. There is a report of nesting, with young photographed, from below Leevile, on May 25, 1969 (JK,WW). This writer has not seen the photographs. Another report of a juvenal bird also suggested nesting (NLN). The maximum number recorded is 31 on Apr. 10, 1983, near the Pearl River at U.S. 90, during flood conditions. Virginia Rails not infrequently turn up in residential backyards during fall migration.

The expected dates of occurrence are October 1 to April 15; extreme dates are Sep. 4, 1981 at New Orleans (JR--dead) and Apr. 22, 1989 in St. Tammany and Lafourche Parishes (DM,NN,RDP).

SORA (Porzana carolina) Uncommon to fairly common winter visitor.

The Sora is found mostly in fresh to brackish marsh, where it can be quite common. There has been some decline in numbers during the past two decades, but there is disagreement on how great that decline has been. The only quantitative inforemation is that numbers recorded on the New Orleans Christmas Bird Counts have dropped since the late 1960's and early 1970's. In evaluating these data, one has to take into account the destruction of wetlands near the city. Often a vigorous clap will cause Soras to begin calling. There is one "out-of-season" record, June? 28, 1992 at Bayou Sauvage Ref. (NN,RDP).

Expected dates of occurrence are September 10 to April 15, while extreme dates are Aug. 23, 1956 at New Orleans (SAG) and May 6, 1971.

PURPLE GALLINULE (Porphyrula martinica) Uncommon summer resident of mostly fresh marsh.

Although fairly common in the fresh water marshes of Southwestern Louisiana, the Purple Gallinule is often difficult to find in this part of the state. Most of the recent records have come from the Venice area, from the marsh just east of White Kitchen, and from along Paris Rd. in eastern New Orleans. The latter habitat has largely been destroyed. Maximum number recorded is 20 on Paris Rd. on July 25, 1982 (RDP). The Purple Gallinule will only be found on ponds overgrown with aquatic vegetation (water lilies, water hyacinth, etc.). On Lacassine NWR in Southwest Louisiana, nests were mostly in maidencane, with densities of 0.5 individuals per acre.

Expected dates are April 15 to about September 15; extreme dates of occurrence are Apr. 6, 1936 at Grand Isle (AD*) and Oct. 7, 1983 at Chalmette (fide CM).

COMMON MOORHEN (Gallinula chloropus) Locally common resident.

The Common Moorhen ("Common Gallinule") primarily inhabits freshwater ponds and marshes, often with cattails, rushes (Juncus, sp.), and reeds. It seems to be comfortable with deeper water than the Purple Gallinule, which is not often seen swimming. It is also apparently more tolerant of salinity than its showier cousin. Good places to find this species are below Venice along the road to Tidewater and on US 11 in the eastern part of the city. Although relatively uncommon, moorhens might be found in the vicinity of Grand Isle, especially on Theriot Rd. at Port Fourchon.

AMERICAN COOT (Fulica americana) Common to abundant winter resident, rare to uncommon summer resident.

The American Coot is present in large numbers from about September 1 to May 1. The frequency of summering makes more definite conclusions hazardous. Breeding should be looked for. American Coots have increased since the mid-1960's on New Orleans Christmas Bird Counts. Upwards of one million coots winter in Louisiana, and as many as 20,000 have been counted in one pond near Des Allemandes (RDP).

FAMILY Gruidae CRANES

SANDHILL CRANE (Grus canadensis) Rare to accidental winter visitor.

There are at least three records of the Sandhill Crane for Southeast Louisiana, all since 1957. It could be expected occasionally in open, wet fields, most likely north of Lake Pontchartrain, since it winters regularly in small numbers in north-central Louisiana near Cheneyville. In view of a significant increase in reports from Southwest Louisiana in the late 1990s, one may expect occasional records here.

The known records are: Oct. 19, 1957 at White Kitchen, St. Tammany Parish (SAG,RF), Nov. 12, 1977 at Reserve (MW), records at Covington, presumably of the same or related birds, beginning with Feb. 3..., 1988 (JH,m.ob.), and ....Dec. 26, 1991 (JH--4); etc.........1992.

WHOOPING CRANE (Grus americana) FORMERLY

The only evidence of the occurrence of the Whooping Crane in Southeast Louisiana is based on two reports by Audubon: a specimen brought to him by his hunter Gilbert....? on Nov. 21, 1821, and nine that Audubon himself said he saw killing an alligtor on April 16, 1822.

ORDER Charadriformes

Suborder Charadrii

Forty-three or forty-four species of "shorebirds" have been recorded in Southeast Louisiana, including the Eskimo Curlew which has not been seen in Louisiana in this century and is probably extinct. Of the 36 regularly occurring species, 12 are essentially migrants, two are resident (Killdeer and Willet), only two are summer residents (Wilson's Plover and Black-necked Stilt), and the remainder, about 20, are winter residents, though they may be considerably more common in migration than in mid-winter. The status of the American Oystercatcher is still somewhat uncertain, but it is presumably a permanent resident.

FAMILY Charadriidae PLOVERS

BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER (Pluvialis squatarola) Common to very common winter resident, mainly on the coast.

The Black-bellied Plover is one of the most characteristic birds of the gulf beach, ponds edges near the gulf, and short-grass fields near the coast. It is present only in winter, but that means year-round except for a two-month period centered on mid-July. There are, however, rather frequent records for that period as well. It is not infrequently found in the vicinity of New Orleans, in the Bonnet Carre Spillway, and in similar areas somewhat removed from the coast. Normaly the species is present from mid-July to early June, but non-breeding birds are often found in the 5-week period when most birds are on the breeding grounds.

AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER (Pluvialis dominica) Uncommon to sometimes common spring migrant; occasional fall migrant.

The golden plover will ordinarily only be found on short grass meadows or prairie, and almost exclusively in spring, when it is one of the very earliest of all northbound migrants. Because its fall migration route carries it far from this region, the golden plover is quite uncommon in fall. Very occasionally this species will be found on a mudflat or the gulf beach. In New Orleans the golden plover and other shorebirds which favor short grass habitat may be found on the East campus of the University of New Orleans or perhaps Lakefront Airport. The best coastal location is on the "Exxon Fields" near the east end of Grand Isle. The modern high count is 600 in New Orleans on March 18, 1979, but Audubon in his journal for March 16, 1821 described a flock of "millions of golden plovers" near the lakefront and Bayou St. John. He also gave a lower and more specific figure of 144,000 and said that one hunter had taken 63 dozen from the flock. The conditions were a blow from the northeast following two or three days of warm weather. The birds were lean, having just completed the trans-gulf passage.

In princple, at least, the Pacific Golden Plover (Pluvialis fulva.) could stray to the area, although its identification would be very problematical. Am. Golden Plovers are longer-winged and a whiter, more prominent supercilium, and grayer underwing. In alternate plumage, the side-stripe is much more restricted, reaching down only to about the bend of the wing (Zimmer 2000).

Expected dates are March 10 to April 20 in spring, and Aug. 20 to November 10 in fall migration. Extreme dates of occurrence in spring are Feb. 27, 1966 (JK) and May 24, 1979 (JR), both at New Orleans; in fall the extremes are Aug. 6, 1978 (MB) and Nov. 28, 1960 at New Orleans (SAG).

MONGOLIAN PLOVER (Charadrius mongolus) Accidental winter vagrant

The lone record of the species, also known as Lesser Sandplover, is of an individual seen and clearly photographed in color (AB 31, 140 (1977) at the Coast Guard station on the east end of Grand Isle on April 22, 1975 (CL,DD,ED), was the first record for the contiguous 48 states. There has since been one additional record from Cameron Parish. Although the Grand Isle individual was in alternate (breeding) plumage, it is more likely that future records, if there should be any, would be of immatures or basic-plumaged birds, as was the case in the Cameron record. In that case they would resemble Wilson's Plovers; see Hayman, et al (1986) for identification details. Most importantly, the legs are black, unlike Wilson’s, whose legs are a dull flesh/pinkish to gray.

SNOWY PLOVER (Charadrius alexandrinus) Uncommon to rare migrant and winter resident on sand flats and beaches on or near the gulf.

The Snowy Plover is uncommon on the beaches of Southeast Louisiana, but now much commoner than 10-20 years ago, with perhaps 2-4 records in a given winter, usually on Fourchon Beach. . Snowy Plovers are quite easy to find, in small numbers, at Rutherford and Holly Beaches in Cameron Parish, and have nested there recently. The only generally accessible beaches where Snowy Plovers might be found in southeast Louisiana are Fourchon beach and Grand Isle itself, though other locations are accessible by boat, including Grand Terre to the east and E. Timbalier to the west. As elsewhere, however, undisturbed sandy beaches and beach ridges are becoming increasing scarce.

Snowy Plover is noticeably heavier-billed than Piping Plover and has dark (gray, gray-green, to black) legs. Wilson’s is 10-15% larger, is browner, has lighter legs, a very heavy black bill, usually a complete breast band

Records span the period Aug. 5 (1886) to Apr. 4 (2004, PW,MM,RDP–2). The maximum is probably 5 seen on Fourchon Beach on Sept. 8, 2002 (DM,MM).

WILSON'S PLOVER (Charadrius wilsonia) Common summer resident of sand-strand habitat on beaches, beach ridges, and barrier islands. Uncommon to rare in winter.

This plover is a conspicuous feature of coastal beaches and sand-flats in summer and breeds wherever sufficient undisturbed sandy habitat is available along the coast, especially on the barrier islands. Its loud sharp call and staccato rattle immediately betray its presence. Efforts should be made to protect breeding habitat by human interference during the breeding season, especially in areas accessible to ATV's; the habitat is also used by Least Terns and Black Skimmers for breeding. High count is 47 on Fourchon Beach, March 24, 2001 (DM,RDP). There are two New Orleans records, the first associated with a tropical storm: Sept. 4, 1977 (RDP), and July 26, 1998 (DPM,PY). Winter records are rather numerous, but Wilson's Plover is far from regular at that season.

Expected dates of occurrence are about March 5 to October 5? (November 1?); extreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 1, 1991 [2004 PW,MM,RDP] at Grand Isle (NN, RDP,AS,GS?) and Nov. 27, 1977 at Grand Isle (RDP,NN).[Muth 1991]. Two at Fourchon Beach on 8 February 2004 (MM,PW,RDP), raise the possibility that Wilson’s Plovers may arrive in early to mid-February.

SEMIPALMATED PLOVER (Charadrius semipalmatus) Uncommon to common migrant, mostly on the coast, uncommon in winter.

The Semipalmated Plover is the commonest of the small (Charadrius) plovers, except, of course, during the breeding season, when only Wilson's is expected. Like the others, it is almost always found near the gulf beach, although records along the shore of Lake Borgne would be expected and there are, in fact, New Orleans records. The call is a whistled chee-we', which is similar to that of the Black-bellied Plover.

The maximum count is 256 on Fourchon Rd. on Apr. 25, 2004 (RDP) [80 in the vicinity of Grand Isle (especially Fourchon Beach) on Sept. 4, 1994 (NN,MM). Recent "summer" records include June 19, 1983 (RDP,DM,JN), June 17, 1984 (RDP,DM), June 22, 1985 (RDP,NN--25!), and June 21, 1987 (6+), all on Fourchon Beach.......3 on June 9 and 10 on June 11, 1998 Gosier/Breton (SWC,DLD)

Although expected dates of occurrence are August 1 to June 1, migration periods are something like August 1 into early November and early March to about June 1. Extreme dates, which may be meaningless in view of the "summer" records above, are July 8, 1958 at Grand Isle (ART) and June 10, 1930 on Grand Gosier I. (EVK).

PIPING PLOVER (Charadrius melodus) Uncommon, to sometimes common migrant near the gulf beach and uncommon to rare winter resident.

Although the Piping Plover is considered threatened, its numbers have not decreased noticeably along the coast of Southeast Louisiana. Of course there are no solid data to support that conclusion, but it seems to be shared by most observers who have birded the area for 10-20 years. Nonetheless, because of its status, numbers should always be recorded and submitted, preferably to LSU Museum of Zoology. Although the Piping Plover can usually be found at Fourchon Beach or on Grand Isle in winter, it is much more common during its migration passage, when sometimes as many as 20 will be seen along Fourchon Beach. Though it is almost never seen away from sand flats near the gulf beach, there are three New Orleans records, including Aug. 6, 1982 (DM) and Aug. 14, 1983 (DM). There are two "summer" record, June 27, 1976 on Curlew Island in the Chandeleur chain (RDP,LO'M,NN). And June 11 on Breton Island (SWC,DLD). The Piping Plover rarely vocalizes in Louisiana.

During the Piping Plover survey of early February 1991 (fide Rich Martin,LDWF), on the order of 300 were found on the Chandeleur Islands, and .....on the beaches of Grand Isle and Elmer's Island.

Expected dates of occurrence are August 5 to April 25; migration periods are from early March through April and early August through October. Extreme dates are July 28, 1991 on Fourchon Beach (RDP,GC--6) [and Aug. 1, 1982 at the same location (RDP,NN,DM--8)] and Apr. 26, 1969 at Grand Isle (RDP,DS).

KILLDEER (Charadrius vociferus) Very common to sometimes abundant permanent resident.

This familiar plover may be found anywhere there are short grass fields, lawns, golf courses, and even mudflats. The Killdeer nests on the ground and may often be seen herding its atricial young around and showing mock-injury display to distract potential predators.

FAMILY Haematopodidae OYSTERCATCHERS

AMERICAN OYSTERCATCHER (Haematopus palliatus) Local resident, breeding on barrier islands

The American Oystercatcher occurs primarily on the shell-rimmed barrier islands off the delta, especially in or near the Chandeleur Chain, where it nests in small numbers. It is assumed to be a permanent resident, but since its favored habitat is little visited in winter, this remains an assumption. It has been found on the west shore of Lake Borgne, e.g., Shell Beach, on at least three occasions. There is one New Orleans record, which is one of the few actual winter records for southeast Louisiana, on January 21, 1983 at Lakefront Airport (DC), following unusually high tides in St. Bernard Parish, from whence come most of the records. The only other “inland” record is from the east side of L. Pontchartrain, in St. Tammany Parish on Sep. 29+/- (Dan Lane), following Hurricane Georges An early “spring” record for Southeast Louisiana is March 2, 1991 on Grand Terre Is. (RDP,NN,BA,CF).. There are recent records for Grand Isle: May 30, 1992 (Joe Kleiman, D. Roark), and ......(DM,...?) , and April 7, 2001 at Fourchon Beach (DM--2); 11 May 2003, Fourchon Beach (RDP--3). High count is 46 along the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, on....... (DM,RDP,BR).

Nests are known from Freemason Is. on May 16, 1913 (WMS) and Isle a Pitre, June 3, 1933 (HCO), and a flightless fledgling was photographed on Curlew Is. on June 26, 1976 (RDP,NN,LO'M).[Larry, nest 1998] Other nest records include.....July 2, 2000 (DM,RDP,PW--2 pairs with 2 young each). Audubon reported 15 on Isle Dernieres in April 1837 and as many as 21 have been counted on a single trip to ther Chandeleurs in recent times. Trips to Grassy Island and Half Moon (or Grand) Island, both off the mouth of the Pear River, have always yielded a pair or two, and they were seen consistently on Lonesome Is. near the mouth of the Gulf Outlet, but as of 1985 that island was rapidly disappearing.

Expected dates are not well known, approximately April 1 to September 15(?). Extreme dates of occurrence are Mar. 26, 1917 in Mississippi Sound (AMB) and Oct. 3, 1984 on North Island (JT, JD--3).

FAMILY Recurvirost riae AVOCETS AND STILTS

BLACK-NECKED STILT (Himantopus mexicanus) Common to very common summer resident in suitable habitat.

The Black-necked Stilt is a common and conspicuous breeder in the coastal and near coastal marsh, wherever nesting and feeding habitat is available. In recent years increased numbers have been found to be wintering at such places as the ponds on US 11, near Grand Isle, and at the Bonnet Carre Spillway. Prior to 1974 (Jan. 10--MW) there was no winter record. The highest winter count was 50+ on US 11 on Dec. 31, 1982 (RDP). In 1938, Oberholser said of this species, admittedly on the basis of limited field work, "The Black-necked Stilt is a rare permanent resident in southern Louisiana of very much less frequent occurrence than in former years." A trip to Fourchon Rd. in Lafourche Parish in July should yield as many as several hundred.

Expected dates of occurrence are March 25 to Sep 10; extreme dates are almost impossible to give, but the earliest date in spring can be taken to be Mar. 16, 1986 at Grand Isle (NN,RDP), mainly because late winter records are not frequent.

AMERICAN AVOCET (Recurvirostra anericana ) Uncommon to fairly common winter resident near the coast, in bays, open marshy habitat, and beaches.

Although the American Avocets are somewhat more common in coastal southwest Louisiana, they can be found in moderate numbers in coastal Southeast Louisiana in winter, primarily in the Port Fourchon area in Lafourche Par. Occasionally one or a few out of season individuals can be found in June or July. There are only a few New Orleans records, including July 23, 1979 (JR), Oct. 31-Dec. 26, 1982 (RDP,DN), Aug. 4, 1991 on US 11 (NN,RDP), and December ...., 1994 (RDP,GC--...) on US 11 in Bayou Sauvage NWR....Sep. 13, 1999 (DPM,PY); Oct. 3?, 2004 (RDP,DM).

Avocets may be expected between about August 15 and May 15. Mid to late June records represent lingering birds or perhaps southbound migrants. The extremes are July 17, 1977 at Grand Isle (MM,NN,RDP) and May 22, 1971 (DN) , also at Grand Isle (DN), and May 22, 2003 on Fourchon Beach (MM,RDP). June records include June 20, 1982 (RDP,JR,DM,MM), June 19, 1983 (DM,JN,RDP), June 1, 1997 (DM,RDP), all from Fourchon Rd. A group of 80 on Baptiste Collette Bayou, all in high alternate plumage on July 2, 2000 (DM,RDP,PW) were remarkable. Peak numbers are 700 on Fourchon Rd., 11/12/2000 (RDP). 2004....

FAMILY Scolopacidae SANDPIPERS

GREATER YELLOWLEGS (Tringa melanoleucus) Common winter resident; probably can be found in every month.

Although the Greater Yellowlegs (and the Lesser, as well) breeds in Alaska and Canada and winters south to Tierra Del Fuego, it is a regular winter resident and there is barely a two month period when it is not to be found in Louisiana coastal marshes. Indeed, it is not infrequently found, in small numbers, in mid to late June on mudflats near the coast. While ordinarily this species is considerably less common than its smaller cousin, this is sometimes not the case. The Greater Yellowlegs is essentially the size of a Willet and has a much longer bill than the Lesser. The two species are also easily separated by call, that of the Greater Yellowlegs being a three or four note "whistle," compared to the softer two-note call of the Lesser Yellowlegs.

Although the expected dates of occurrence are from about August 1 to May 10, arrival of apparent south-bound migrants has been noted as early as July 14 (1979, Bonnect Carre Spillway (RJS,MW), and there are several mid-June records, including two from Fourchon Rd. in Lafourche Parish: June 20, 1982 (RDP,MM,JR,DM--100) and June 17, 1984 (DM,RDP--1). Also a July 2, 2000 record from Baptiste Collette Bayou (DM,PW,RDP), and June 23, 2003 Grand Terre I. (CW,SW).

LESSER YELLOWLEGS ( Tringa flavipes) Very common winter resident, especially on the coast, probably can be found in every month.

Although the Lesser Yellowlegs is common from July through May, its numbers are largest in migration, when counts may approach or exceed 1000 individuals. It is the most familiar medium-sized shorebird in the Louisiana marshes and while it is most common near the coast, it can be found on mudflats and marshy pond edges throughout the area. Expected dates of occurrence are July 25 to May 10, with extreme arrival and departure dates of June 27, 1970 (New Orleans, JK) and May 24, 1970 (Grand Isle, RDP). "Out of season" records include June 19, 1983 (RDP,JN,DM) and June 17, 1984 (RDP,DM--5), both in Lafourche Parish.

SOLITARY SANDPIPER (Tringa solitaria) Uncommon migrant

The Solitary Sandpiper is typically found on the edge of a freshwater pond or in swale in a grassy field; it will rarely, if ever, be encountered on a mudflat or the gulf beach. The call is a loud and distinctive wheet-wheet-wheet! , which could be confused only with that of the Spotted Sandpiper.

Expected dates of spring and fall migration are March 20 to May 5 and August 10 to September 20. The extreme dates in spring are Mar. 1, 1992 at Grand Isle (AS,GS) [previously March 5, 1900 at New Orleans (AA)] and May 23, 1979 at New Orleans (JR,RDP); in fall the species has been recorded as early as July 26, 1991 (NN) and as late as Oct. 1, 1978 (JR), both from New Orleans. There are at least 7 winter records: Feb. 15, 1913, New Orleans (HHK), Nov. 27, 1964, Ft. Jackson (SAG), Dec. 28, 1965, Venice CBC, Dec. 30,. 1971, Ft. Jackson (SAG,RDP,RJN,DN), Dec. 10, 1974, New Orleans (JK), and Dec. 27, 1984, Venice (SAG--3). The most recent record is from St. John the Baptist Parish on Feb. 12, 1992 (MW,RJS), not strictly within the province of this list. Maximum number recorded is 152 on Apr. 4, 1992 near the Jefferson/St. Charles Parish line (PY).

WILLET (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) Common to Very Common resident, most on the coast.

The Willet is one of only two or three permanent residents among the shorebirds. It is quite uncommon away from the coast, although over two dozen records have accumlated over the years from Reserve, Metairie, and New Orleans. In the coastal marsh and on the gulf beach the Willet is conspicuous and noisy. It nests on raised areas--ridges,etc.--in the saline or brackish marsh. Recent records have come from the Recovery I area of Bayou Sauvage NWR in New Orleans East.

SPOTTED SANDIPIPER (Actitus macularis) Common winter visitor

The Spotted Sanpiper is characteristic of pond edges, seawalls, and stream banks--seemingly the more barren the shore the better--where it usually occurs singly. It is rarely seen on mudflats or with the large groups of resting or feeding shorebirds which are encounted on the coast. Even the beginner quickly learns its distinctive fluttering or stacatto flight pattern caused by its short wing strokes; the sharp weet-weet! call is also diagnostic. The Spotted Sandpier was reported as breeding in New Orleans by Beyer (fide Oberholser), but it is not clear on what evidence that claim was based. The fact that it is present into late May and that southbound migrants appear in July may have led to confusion on that point.

The expected dates of occurrence are July 25 to May 20, with extremes of July 6, 1978 at Delacroix(AS) and June 9, 1933 at Grand Isle (HCO).

UPLAND SANDPIPER (Bartramia longicauda) Uncommon migrant found on short-grass fields.

While not as common as 30 years ago, the Upland Sandpiper may nonetheless be expected on short-grass fields, such as the UNO east campus and perhaps Lakefront Airport, especially during March, and often in the company of Golden Plovers or Buff-breasted Sandpipers. Its tall stance and small head (giving it a "pin-head" look) are distincitive, as is its call. Its "whip-per-it!" call can often be heard at night during fall migrantion, especially in late July and early August. According to Beyer (1900) they were "eagerly hunted and highly praised in lower Louisiana as a game bird."

Expected dates of occurrence are March 20 to May 5 in spring, and August 1 to September 20 in fall; extreme dates for spring migrants are Mar. 12, 1978.... and May 26, 1961 at New Orleans (SAG); in fall they are June 29, 1961 at New Orleans (SAG) and Nov. 11, 1977 at New Orleans (?) (JR). Beyer, et al (1908) gave a March 9 record.

ESKIMO CURLEW (Numernius americanus) EXTINCT?

Although the Eskimo Curlew has not been recorded in Louisiana, with certainty, since 1889, spring records from the Texas coast in the mid-1950's and one or two fall records from the Atlantic coast, leave open the faint possibility that one might again turn up on the coast of Southeast Louisiana. The known records are: Apr. 5-10, 1837, Barataria Bay (JJA), Mar. 30 and Apr. 4, 1881 (fide HCO--collected), and Mar. 16, 1889 at New Orleans (fide HCO--collected).

WHIMBREL (Numenius phaeopus) Uncommon spring migrant, rare to uncommon migrant in fall, along the coast.

The Whimbrel is a regular, uncommon to sometimes common spring migrant near the coast, most often near Grand Isle, from Fourchon Rd. to the island itself. As a fall migrant, the Whimbrel is less common, but apparently becoming regular. There are also two winter records. The only known inland records are from Frenier on the west edge of the area, Apr. 30, 1959 (RJS--), and two New Orleans records, Mar. 27, 1974 (WAM) and Apr. 8, 1983 (fide MM). Fall records are now too numerous to list, but range from July 17, 1977, Lafourche Par (MM,RDP,NN--2) , to Oct. 8-9, 1983 at Grand Isle (CS,AS,GS,CK). Seven were seen on Grand Isle on Aug. 4, 2002 (RDP). There is also unclassifiable July 1, 1999 (PW, PC) and June 30??,2004 (RDP). The two winter records are Dec. 19, 1932 at Main Pass (HCO) and Dec. 10, 1989 at Grand Isle (AS,GS,MM). Bristle-thighed Curlew has an unbarred rump and a very different voice.

The largest concentration has been 17 on May 6, 2001 at Fourchon (MM,PW).

Expected dates in spring are April 20 to May 20; fall records span the period July 17-Oct. 3, and Whimbrels might be "expected" from about Aug. 15 to Sep. 15. There is one out of season record, June 22, 2003 on Grand Terre Is. (Chris Witt,Satya Witt). Extreme dates in spring are Mar. 19, 1972 at Grand Terre Is (HDP,RJN,MM,RDP) and May 25, 1989 at Grand Isle (....).

LONG-BILLED CURLEW (Numenius americanus) Occasional to accidental in winter, rare on the barrier islands in "summer".

The Long-billed Curlew is distinctly rare in Se. Louisiana, with less than 20 records, all but two of which have been from the vicinity of Grand Isle or the Chandeleur or other barrier islands. The two records away from the coast are winter records: Mandeville (Dec. 17, 1976) and New Orleans (Nov. 12, 1885). According to Oberholser, E.S. Hopkins "found reported it common at Grand Isle, April 8, 1925, April 22, 1926, and April 7, 1928." There is one March and three April records, six "summer" records spanning the period June 7-Aug. 25. There are four "winter" records from Nov. 12 to Dec. 17, including the two above. The others are a nineteenth-century record from Lake Borgne, Dec. 5, 1886, mentioned in Oberholser (1938), and a sighting on Nov. 19, 1978 on E. Timbalier Island (AS,RDP,NN,MM). Some of the "summer" records are: June 7, 1918, Chandeleurs (AMB); June 25, 1969, Isla-a-Pitre (RJN); July 31-Aug. 1, 1969, North Is., Stake Is. (RJN,KPA,RDP); June 25-27, 1976, Curlew Is. (LO'M,RDP,NN--3); July 9?, 1989, Curlew Is. (RDP); July 31, 1990, Curlew Is. (RM); July 14, 1998 (SWC); Curlew Is., July 2, 2000 on S. Gosier (1) and N. Breton Is. (2) (DM,RDP,PW); Grand Isle, Aug. 25, 2002 (MM,PW).

Recent records include Mar. 18, 1961 at Grand Isle (SAG), Aug. 20, 1967 at New Orleans (JK), Sep. 26, 1982 at Grand Isle (NLN,BC,SN), and April...., 1998 at Grand Isle (RDP,MM,m.ob.)...Aug. 31, 2003 (PW,MM,RDP), Sept. 2004 (JF) Spring 1998 (RDP,MM), July 3, 1998 ......(CF)

HUDSONIAN GODWIT (Limosa haemastica) Occasional migrant.

In Southwest Louisiana the Hudsonian Godwit (known in southwest Louisiana as "Ring-tailed Marlin") is uncommon to common in in late April in short-grass marsh, especially in the rice fields south of Rayne, Jennings, and Crowley. It is almost unknown there in fall. In Southeast Louisiana, where it is much rarer at any season, the seasonal distribution is less clear; but the statistics are poor, there being only six records, which, somewhat surprisingly, are all inland. In short, one should probably expect to find the Hudsonian Godwit, if at all, in spring. The records are (all but the last from New Orleans): Sep. 6, 1875 (GK--collected); Sep. 27, 1895 (GK--collected); Apr. 13, 1978 (JR); May 4, 1978 (NN--14); May 23, 1979 (JR,m.ob.); Oct. 1-9, 1983 at the Bonnet Carre Spillway (MW,MA).

MARBLED GODWIT (Limosa fedoa) Common or uncommon migrant, uncommon in winter, casual in summer on barrier islands; strictly coastal.

The Marbled Godwit can be found near the coast (especially Fourchon Rd, and Fourchon Beach) almost anytime from mid-July through May, in numbers which range from one or two in mid-winter to 75-100 during migration periods, especially spring. Closer scrutiny of its temporal distribution seems to show that migrating Marbled Godwits begin arriving in late February (exemplified by a Feb. 26, 1961 record on North Is. (LEW,SGC--19) and 104 on Fourchon Rd. on Mar. 3, 1985 (RDP,MM,NN), even though in some years none are seen before April 1. Similarly, while fall migrants may pass through between mid-July and early October, godwits can often be found into November, and have been reported on the Grand Isle CBC (Jan. 2, 1984 --2; Dec. 30, 1984--17). [first fall 2002=9/8 fide MM].There are at least 10 June records, the earliest being June 11, 1971 on North Is. (RDP,RJN,MM); on June 19-21, 1973 a total of 20 were seen on the Chandeleurs (RJN, et al). Records from Fourchon Rd. on June 20, 1982 (RDP,JR,MM,DM--8) and June 21, 1987 (RDP--10) are the only mainland "summer" records.....2004 (RDP,PW). Strongly coastal in its distribution, there are very few New Orleans records, most recently Oct. 16, 2004 (PW,DM).

With the caveats implied above, the expected dates of wintering are July to May. For migrants spring arrival is around March 1 with an expected departure of May 1; in fall, July 15-Oct. 1. Extreme spring dates are Feb. 26, 1961 (LEW,SGC) and May 31, 1950 (DRB), both from North Is., while the fall extremes are July 8, 1990 at Grand Isle (RDP,DM,GC--16) and Nov. 19, 1978 on E. Timbalier Is (NN,MM,AS,RDP--50) and Nov. 19, 1981 at New Orleans (DM--3).[ work on this]

RUDDY TURNSTONE (Arenaria interpres) Common winter resident on the gulf beach.

With the Sanderling, the Ruddy Turnstone is the typical shorebird of the immediate gulf beach. Inland occurrences are unusual, but there are records during migration from the Bonnet Carre Spillway and the Lake Pontchartrain seawall. Indeed Reinoehl found as many as 30 on the lakefront (May 18, 1979). Although the turnstone will not be found in numbers on Southeast Louisiana beaches in June and July, records from that “hiatus” period are not rare. They include June 28, 1967 at North Is. (SAG,RDP, et al), June 20, 1982, (JR,MM,RDP,DM), June 17, 1984 (RDP,DM--10), June 23, 1991 (RDP--24), etc. all on Fourchon Beach, Lafourche Par.

Expected dates of occurrence are August 5 (?) to June 1, with extreme dates being July 31, 1969 on North Is. (RDP,RJN) and June 12, 1971 on Chandeleur Is. (RDP,RJN,MM).

RED KNOT (Calidris canutus) Uncommon to common migrant on the gulf beach; uncommon to scarce winter visitor.

Although the Red Knot is rarely seen away from the gulf beach, it will sometimes be found on mudflats near the beach at the height of migration. Winter occurrences are erratic, and it may take the coverage of a Christmas Count to turn up knots, but they should nonetheless be regarded as somewhat regular in winter. Their gregarious habits--they are almost invariably found in flocks, of 15-100 individuals--contribute to their "spotty" distribution. Red Knots are recognized by their plump appearance, the short to medium length bill, the wing stripe, and their flocking habits. Although they are usually gray, many will be molting into alternate plumage in late spring, and a few will have retained it as they move south. As is true with other species which may be present on the gulf beach during the breeding season, birds present in June will be in basic plumage. Maximum number: 530 at Grand Isle, May 1, 2004 (RDP,PW,DM).

There are at least seven records from mid to late June or early July, so that knots have been recorded in every month. Note that 105 were recorded in June 1987 and 120 in early July 2000. Ordinarily they can be expected f rom from August through the end of May, but numbers are much greater in migration, with peaks occuring from mid or late March through May, and August through October. The "summer" records are: June 25-27, 1967 on Curlew Is. (SAG, RDP, et al); four records from Fourchon Beach: June 20, 1982 (MM,DM,JR,RDP), June 19, 1983 (RDP,DM,JN), June 27, 1985 (AS,GS), and June 21, 1987 (RDP--105); June 27, 2000, Curlew Is. (SWC,DLD--30); July 2, 2000, N. Breton Is. (DM,RDP,PW--120). Maximum numbers recorded are 530? on ...2004 (DM,RDp,PW).

The only inland records other than from the Bonnet Carre Spillway are from New Orleans: Oct. 31, 1979 (MB), and Nov. 17-24, 1991 at New Orleans (DM, et al).

Expected dates of occurrence (somewhat uncertain because of the June records listed above) are July 20 to June 1; extreme dates are July 17, 1977 in Lafourche Parish (RDP,MM,NN) and June 12, 1971 on the Chandeleur Is. (MM,RJN,RDP).

SANDERLING (Calidris alba) Very common winter resident on gulf beaches

The Sanderling is the typical shorebird of the gulf beach from August through at least May, often feeding actively at the edge of the surf. Although in late April and May some individuals will be in alternate (breeding) plumage, most Sanderlings, at any season, will be in immature or basic plumages. In migration Sanderlings are sometimes found on the Lake Pontchartrain seawall, with a maximum of 8 on May 27, 1978 (JR). During 1977-80 Reinoehl found Sanderlings on the lakefront in the periods Apr. 25-May 29 and Aug. 11-Oct. 18, which gives one an idea of when they migrate.

The numerous June records make it difficult to be very definite about arrival and departure dates in fall and spring: June 27, 1976 on Curlew Is. (RDP,LO'm,NN--100), June 20, 1982, (JR,MM,DM,RDP), June 19, 1983 (JN,DM,RDP), June 17, 1984 (DM,RDP), and June 23, 1991 (RDP--156) all on Fourchon Beach, Lafourche Par, etc....July 2, 2000.... Approximate dates of occurrence are August 1 to June 1.

SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER (Calidris pusilla) Regular spring and fall migrant, sometimes common

Since the paper of Allan Phillips pointing out that there was no specimen evidence of the occurrence of this species on the gulf coast in winter (American Birds 29: 799 (1975), there have been no credible sight records between November and March. Clearly the Semipalmated Sandpiper is a regular migrant from August to October and March through May, though more information is needed to define the migration periods more precisely. On May 28, 1991 in the vicinity of Grand Isle, almost all peeps were Semipalmated. Occasional winter records may occur, and indeed there are credible records for Southeast Louisiana on Nov. 23 and 28, Dec. 20 and 28, and Feb. 4 and 7. Yet even these should be regarded with caution since at the time Semipalmated Sandpipers were considered regular througout the winter. Any "peep" suspected of belonging to this species, between November and March, should be carefully scrutinized, and every attempt should be made to obtain definitive photographs or to induce the bird to call.

Oberholser reported the species as "abundant" in January and December 1932, including specific records from Main Pass on Dec. 19 (300) and Dec. 23 (1400). These records must now be regarded with skepticism..

The Semipalmated Sandpiper is slightly smaller and typically grayer than the Western, it has a "dark-eyed" look, its bill is straighter, more nearly of uniform thickness, and generally shorter than that of the Western, and its call is a "cherk" or "chrrup" or "kriip." (jert!–Zimmer) It is much less likely to be found on the front beach than Western Sandpiper. Both species have partially webbed toes. This species closely resembles Little Stint, which has not been recorded on the gulf coast, even to the extent of having a rather similar call, but see Viet and Jonsson (1984) or Colston and Burton (1988). In Louisiana, this species will generally be seen in alternate plumage in the spring, and in worn alternate or juvenal plumage in fall migration.

Expected dates of occurrence are April 10 to June 5 and July 25 to October 15, with some uncertainty. Extreme dates in spring are Mar. 5, 1961 (SAG) [Mar. 14, 2004 (RDP,MM,DM–video]and June 13, 1935 (TDB--coll), both at New Orleans; the fall extremes are July 8, 1956 at New Orleans (SAG) and Oct. 28, 1935 at Grand Isle (GHL--coll.). Peak abundance of Semipalmated Sandpipers comes fairly late in spring migration, perhaps late April. A June 17, 1984 record from Fourchon Rd. (RDP,DM--12) is arbitrarily regarded as a "summer" or "out of season" occurrence, though the birds were probably late northbound migrants.

WESTERN SANDPIPER (Calidris mauri) Common to adundant winter resident

Western Sandpipers can usually be identified by their rather long black bill which sometimes perceptibly droops at the tip, and by the rusty crown, auriculars, and scapulars, with traces of the latter remaining in winter. There is, however, an overlap between short-billed male Western Sanpipers and long-billed female Semipalmated Sandpipers. A short bill, alone, is not sufficient to support an identification as Semipalmated; bill shape (slightly drooping, with a hint of a bulbous tip) is crucial, and vocalization is desirable. Long-billed Western Sandpipers, however, cause no problem, and more often than not the flocks are homogeneous, so that a suspected Semipalmated in a large flock of Westerns will often be found to be a short-billed Western when closely examined.Western's have a "jeet" call which in no way resembles Semipalmated. An important article on the previous species, this one, and the Least Sandpiper, plus Rufour-necked , Little, and Temmincks's Stints is Veit and Jonsson (1984). See also Colston and Burton (1988). Maximum number recorded is 1500 at Fourchon Beach on April 9, 1994 (MM,DM,RDP,JR) .

Expected dates are July 20 to June 1, while extreme dates of occurrence are July 7, 1991 on Fourchon Beach (RSB,GW--7) [and Sep. 8, 1981 at Grand Isle (JR,MB)] and June 4, 1935 at New Orleans (TDB--coll). There are at least two out of season records: June 20, 1982 (MM,DM,JR,RDP) and June 19, 1983 (RDP,DM,JN), both on Fourchon Rd. in Lafourche Parish. July 2, 2000 N. Gosier Is. (DM,RDP,PW).

LEAST SANDPIPER (Calidris minutilla) Very common winter resident, mostly coastwise

Although the Least Sandpiper is common on beaches and mudflats from July through early June, its numbers rarely equal the concentrations of Western Sandpipers (and sometimes Semipalmated as well) during their peak migrations. Although it is usually seen at or near the coast, that is primarily a reflection of the scarcity of shorebird accessible shorebird habitat away from the coast. It is sometimes seen on the Lake Pontchartrain seawall in New Orleans during migration, on the campuses of UNO after rains, and on US 11 when water is low. To a much greater extent than the other "peeps", the Least Sandpiper shows a fondness for feeding on rock jetties and seawalls. The call, a distinct "kreep", is the most easily learned of the "peeps." This, along with yellow legs, brownish coloration of its upperparts, and heavy pectoral streaking, makes it easy to identify. A Temmink's Stint might well be written off as a Least, because of the yellow legs, but its cricket-like call is distinctive, and Long-toed Stint resembles Least Sandpiper very closely.

Expected dates for the Least Sandpiper are July 20 to approximately June 1; extreme dates of occurrence are July 9, 1979 at (FB) and June 7, 1933 (HCO--coll.), both at Grand Isle.

WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER (Calidris fuscicolis) Uncommon to quite common spring migrant, primarily in May

The White-rumped Sandpiper often is the most common small shorebird in mid to late May, but is absent otherwise. Its fall migration routes carry it way fromn the region. It, like the next species is quite long-winged. It will stand out on a mud-flat in late spring by virtue of being somewhat larger than the usual peeps, because of its gray plumage with very distinct chevron-like breast markings, and relatively heavy black bill. The call is a distinctive "squeaky tzeet", to adopt Johnsgaard's (1981) description. Maximum numbers: 400 at Grand Isle on May 18, 1981 (NN,DM).

Expected dates of occurrence are May 1 to June 1; extreme dates: Apr. 20, 1986 at Grand Isle (MM,RDP) and June 11, 1981 at New Orleans (JR). There are only two fall records, Aug. 13, 1968 (JK) and Sept. 2 and 6 (JR), all from New Orleans. There are also three"summer" records: June 20, 1982 on Fourchon Rd. (MM,JR,DM,RDP), July 9?, 1989 on Curlew Is. (RDP), and July 3 , Plaquemines Par (CF).

BAIRD'S SANDPIPER (Calidris bairdii) Rare migrant

Baird's Sandpiper, which migrates mostly to the west of the checklist area, hence is more common in Sw. Louisiana, is found on damp short-grass fields or on mudflats, sometimes quite near the gulf beach. In part because it is less frequently encountered than the other peeps, Baird's is perhaps the most frequently mis-identified, and certainly poses a non-trivial identification problem. Baird's is very long-winged (wing tips extending beyond the tail), awareness of which fact can forestall most of these identification difficulties. It is buffy on the breast, like a Least Sandpiper, but larger, longer billed, is dark-legged, has a pale face, and its back is scaly or blotchy. It has a rather horizontal carriage and a tail with very little white on the sides. The call resembles that of the Least, but is more nearly a "kriip."

Expected dates of occurrence are somewhat uncertain, but generally April 15 to May 20 in spring and mid-July through September. Extreme dates in fall are Mar. 20, 1983 (DM) and May 28, 1966 (JK--12), both at New Orleans, and in fall, July 10, 1970 at the Rigolets (JK,WW,LW) and Oct. 3, 1959 at Grand Isle (LCB,DGB,SLW,BLM).

PECTORAL SANDPIPER (Calidris melanotos) Common spring and fall migrant

The Pectoral Sandpiper is most common on the same soggy short-grass fields which are favored by Baird's and Buff-breasted Sandpipers, but will not infrequently be found in shallow marshy situations as well. Although it is not readily confused with any common shorebird, both its close relative the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper, which has not been recorded in Louisiana, and the reve, or female Ruff, can resemble this species. The call of the Pectoral Sandpiper is a "prrp" or "pritt," quite different from the two-note "krip-krip" call of the Sharp-tailed (Johnsgaard, 1981). The breast of the Sharp-tailed has no abrupt cutoff, forming a pectoral band, but fades into the lower breast. See British Birds 73: 33-345, for identification details.

Expected dates of occurrence in spring are March 10 to May 10; in fall August 1 to November 1. Extreme dates in spring are Mar. 4, 1979 (JR) and May 23, 1979 (JR), both at New Orleans. Fall extremes are July 11, 1981 at New Orleans and Nov. 14, 1972. There are two winter records....... and one "summer" record: June 29, 1961 at New Orleans (SAG). [spring 2004?] Winter: Dec..... (RDP), 26 Feb. 2004 (DM)

PURPLE SANDPIPER (Calidris maritima) Accidental in Winter

The Purple Sandpiper is known for its predilection for rock jetties and "rip-rap" throughout its range. Although it is common on the eastern seaboard, and though there have been a number of records for coastal Mississippi (perhaps of the same individuals?), there are only two records of this species for Southeast Louisiana, of a bird found on April 3, 1994 (CL) at the west end of Grand Isle, and which remained until....[4/20], and one at Lakefront airport on the Dec....., 2001 New Orleans CBC (KR,DM). There are photographs of both birds. Purple Sandpipers have occurred on at least two previous occasions in Sw. Lousiana.

DUNLIN (Calidris alpina) Common to very common winter resident

On a typical mudflat in Southeast Louisiana, the Dunlin may outnumber all other shorebird species combined, although in recent years its numbers seem to have declined. Although it is distinctly larger than the three species of small peeps with which is often found , it may sometimes be confused with the Western Sandpiper if no size comparison is possible. It has a much longer bill than the Western and the bill droops quite clearly. Its call is also quite different, resembling that of the Least Sandpiper. Maximum number recorded is 2500 on Fourchon Beach and Grand Isle, April 9, 1994 (MM,DM,RDP,JR).

Expected dates of winterring are September 10 to May 25; extreme dates of occurrence are Aug. 10, 1980 at Grand Isle (MM,NN,DM) and June 11, 1971 on North Is. (RDP,MM,NN). There are at least two out-of -season records: June 28, 1967 on North Is. (SAG,RDP, et al) and July 10, 1970 at the Rigolets (JK,WW,LW)....1992 at Grand Isle (AS,GS).....

CURLEW SANDPIPER (Calidris ferruginea) Accidental vagrant

There are about ten records for Louisiana of Curlew Sandpiper, including only two from Southeast Louisiana. The first was August 22, 1975 on Fourchon Road in Lafourche Parish (MM,NN), and the second, in alternate plumage, was seen on 4 May 2003 on Fourchon Beach (RDP). Although the Curlew Sandpiper is a close relative of the Dunlin, it is often described as more strongly resembling a Stilt Sandpiper , also a member of the genus Calidris . Compared to the Dunlin, it has a longer, slightly more decurved bill, and a white rump. In breeding plumage, of course, it is unmistakeable. Records from the rice fields of south-central Louisiana suggests that the Curlew Sandpiper might be as regular in spring as fall. In late spring an individual molting into basic plumage could be quite red below.

STILT SANDPIPER (Calidris himantopus) Common to sometimes very common migrant, uncommon to rare in winter

The Stilt Sandpiper, which similar in size to, and superficially resembles both Lesser Yellowlegs and the dowitchers, is often abundant in migration; the maximum recorded is 1000+ on Fourchon Road on April 30, 1984 (DM). In spring the rusty head markings are distinctive, as are the barred underparts. The bill, which is considerably longer than that of a yellowlegs, is shorter than that of the Short-billed Dowitcher and usually has a pronounced droop. The Stilt Sandpiper has more of an eyeline than the Lesser Yellowlegs, and has greenish legs and a white rump. It often feeds "waist-deep" in water, and gives a "querp" call and a social chatter. Stilt Sandpipers are sometimes found in winter, but are quite uncommon, at least in Se. Louisiana; most winter in South America.

Expected dates in spring are March 25 to May 10 and in fall, July 25 to about October 15. Extreme dates of spring occurrence are Mar. 7, 2000 (PW) at Port Fourchon [Mar. 18, 1984 on Fourchon Rd. (DM,RDP)] and May 22, 1971 at Grand Isle, and fall extremes are July 16, 1989 on Fourchon Rd (MM,NN,RDP) and Nov. 10, 1979 at Grand Isle. Although winter records, which include: Feb. 11, 1975 at Grand Isle (RJN,BC), Dec. 1, 1991 in Lafourche Parish (DM,GG,RDP--10), Dec. 29, 1991 at Venice (DM), Jan. 17, 1999 at Fourchon (DM,MM,PW--300), and 8 February 2004 (MM,RDP,PW) are not numerous, it is clear from recent records and studies in the rice fields of south-central Louisiana indicate that the Stilt Sandpiper is a rather regular wintering species (J. La. Ornith. 1: 35 (1991)), which can sometimes be abundant, at least in south-central Louisiana.

BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER (Tryngites subruficollis) Uncommon migrant

The Buff-breasted Sandpiper is found almost exclusively on the same short-grass fields often favored by Lesser Golden Plovers and Upland Sandpipers (which, do however, tolerate somewhat higher grass). In this area, this habitat can be found at Lakefront Airport, the campuses of UNO, the Exxon field on Grand Isle, etc. Very occasionally Buff-breasted Sandpipers are seen on a coastal mudflat or beach. Although this species is rarely common, a maximum of 115 were seen at New Orleans on Sep. 20, 1980 (JR).

Expected dates in spring migration are April 5 to May 1; in fall they are August 10 to September 25. Extreme dates are spring: Mar. 14, 1978 (JR) and May 16, 1980 (JR); fall: July 24, 1982 (MM) and Oct. 25, 1970 (RDP)--all from New Orleans.

RUFF (Philomachus pugnax) Accidental

Although there are now three records of Ruff from Southeast Louisiana, the first two were from the same location, the main campus of the University of New Orleans: August 12-20, 1978 (MB, m.ob.), of which a photograph appeared in the Aug. 20 New Orleans Times-Picayune (ph-Fred Barry), and August 12, 1980 (NN, et al). Both records have been ratified by the LOS Bird Records Committee. The 1978 record was the second report for Louisiana and the first documented occurrence. The most recent record is of one on Grand Isle on Aug. .....2001 (MM,RDP,PW; photos).

The Ruff is likely to occur only in basic (non-breeding) plumage. It is a rather distinctive medium-sized shorebird with an upright stance, a small head, thick neck, a bill which is pale at the base, and has white at the sides of the tail which is often seen as two "oval" patches. Often it has considerable black blotching below. The female ("Reeve") is about the size of a Lesser Yellowlegs, while the male is definitely larger. The Reeve could be confused with a Pectoral Sandpiper, although it lacks the pectoral band.

SHORT-BILLED DOWITCHER (Limnodramus griseus) Abundant migrant, common winter resident, mostly on or near the coast.

Generally the Short-billed Dowitcher is the commoner of the two species of dowitchers in winter; it is more likely to be found in saline (beach) or estuarine situations than its congener. Very few Long-billed Dowitchers are encountered in the Grand Isle-Fourchon area, while in the rice fields of south-central Louisiana Long-bills dominate. Identification by plumage is certainly possible (see, for example, Kaufman's Advanced Birding or Zimmer 2000), but by far the safest approach is to flush any bird in question and, in the case of this species, to listen for the distinct, somewhat mellow, "tu-tu-tu.." call. Frequently a flock will not call, whatever the provocation, and then one will have to rely on plumage characteristics, if a close look is possible. As many as 1000 have been recorded at one time: April 9, 1994 (MM,DM,RDP,JR).

According to Jack Reinoehl, the temporal distribution along the New Orleans lakefrton in migration during 1977-80 was April 3-May 19 and July 23-September 20. On the Atlantic and Pacific coasts this species arrives earlier than its cousin in fall by 10-14 days; in Southeast Louisiana, for example, all dowitchers recorded in fall migration in 1990 before July 22 were Short-billed. There are a number of mid to late June records of late spring migrants, early fall migrants, or non-breeding lingerering dowitchers, including Lonesome Island on June 26, 1981 (RDP) and Grand Island (Half Moon Island), June 13, 1982 (MM,DM,LO'M,RDP). Other records from this intermediate period, specifically for this species, are July 8, 1981 at Grand Isle (JR,MB) and four June records from Fourchon Rd., Lafourche Par: June 20, 1982 (RDP,DM,JR,MM), June 19, 1983 (RDP,DM,JN), June 17, 1984 (RDP,DM--75), and June 27, 1985 (GS,AS).; July 2, 2000 on N. Breton Is. (DM,RDP,PW); June 23, 2003 on Grand Terre Is. (CW,SW–3).

Expected dates are August 1 to (May 25), with extreme dates of occurrence being June 11, in 1930 (North Is., fide HCO) and in 1984 (Grassy Is., RDP,.NN,DM, LO'M). The migration peaks are broadly mid-March to the end of May and late July into October. The June 11 dates are somewhat arbitrary, given the number of late June and early July records.

LONG-BILLED DOWITCHER (Limnodramus scolopaceus) Common migrant, regular to common winter resident

Although definitive identification is best made by call--in this case the sharp "keek" call of the Long-billed Dowitcher, this species can usually be identified in breeding plumage by the fact that the red of the underparts extends well onto the lower belly, whereas the Short-billed Dowitcher has a white belly of greater or lesser extent. Other characteristics are mostly unreliable, except the tail pattern, which can be used in any plumage. The Short-billed Dowitcher may show a tail pattern consisting of widely spaced-thin bars, when seen at close range; the present species shows thick black bars separated by thin white bars (not all individuals are distinguishable). See Kaufman for details. Long-billed Dowitchers are more common in fresh water situations, e.g., inland locations.

Expected dates are August 1 to June 5 and extreme dates of occurrence are July 11, 1975 and June 6, 1918 on the Chandeleur Islands (AMB).

COMMON SNIPE (Gallinago gallinago) Fairly common in winter.

The Common Snipe is typically found in wet fields, often in quite large numbers. Though certainly not as common as they once were Common Snipes have increased somewhat on recent New Orleans Christmas Counts, after a minimum in the early 1970's. Expected dates of occurrence are September 20 to April 20, while extreme dates are Aug. 5, 1966 at (JK) and May 7, 1978 (JR), both at New Orleans.

AMERICAN WOODCOCK (Philohela minor) Uncommon winter resident.

Information on the nesting of the woodcock in Southeast Louisiana is quite sketchy, being based on a single record of early nesting activity on Jan. 29, 1890 at Covington (GEB)--Beyer's dog supposedly retrieved a young bird, and three summer records: Aug. 9, 1958 at Reserve (DW--coll.), June 12, 1977 in the Honey Island swamp (LO'M, RDP), and June 12, 1988 at Franklinton (NN). It is thus ordinarily encountered as a winter resident, typically in damp or swampy woodlands.

Expected date of arrival is somewhat difficult to specify, since although there are occasional late August records, the species is rarely encountered before about November 20. The “expected” departure date adopted here is March 1, which may not be realistic. Extreme dates are Aug. 25, 1969 at Grand Isle (RJN) and Sept. 7, 2003 at Grand Isle (RDP); and, in spring, April 17, 1929 at Grand Isle (fide HCO) and April 17, 1959 at Covington (JBK),

WILSON'S PHALAROPE (Phalaropus tricolor) Uncommon migrant, significantly more common in fall than spring

This is the common phalarope in Louisiana, especially in fall when it may be common near or on the coast. In alternate plumage, the three species are unmistakeable, especially the more colorful females. In basic plumage the differences are much more subtle, but Wilson’s is easily distinguished from its relatives, the Red-necked and Red Phalaropes, by its white tail and strong wing stripe. Most birders know of the phalaropes' prediliction to engage in a circular or spinning feeding behavior and of the fact that the females are more brightly colored than the males. Wilson’s Phalaropes are much more common in Southwest Louisiana.

Although expected dates are somewhat uncertain, they can be taken to be approximately August 15 to September 25 in fall and April 15 to May 15 in spring, although there are only about a dozen spring records. Extreme dates in fall are July 9, 2003 at New Orleans (Mary Radford, Daavid D’Aquin) and July 17, 1988 at ....(MM) and Oct. 22, 1978 at Grand Isle (SAG,MEL); in spring the extremes are April 9, 1994 (MM,DM,RDP,JR) and May 18, 1981 (NN,DM), both on Fourchon Road in Lafourche Parish near Grand Isle. The single winter record was the first for Louisiana: Feb. 7, 1982 on Fourchon Road (MM,DM,LO'M,RDP,SN,JR).