• 1. According to Kanasawa's analysis of outcome versus expectancy effects in attribution, people spontaneously draw attributions
  • . when an outcome is expected
  • when an expectancy is positive
  • when an outcome is unexpected
  • when an expectancy is negative

• 2. What is the fundamental attribution error?
  • an error in which people spontaneously draw external attributions
  • an error that only white people make
  • a tendency to draw dispositional inferences about others' behavior
  • .a tendency to draw situational attributions about unexpected outcomes

• 3. The idea that negative outcomes elicit spontaneous attributional activity
  • is refuted by the study that showed that expectancy, not outcome, underlies attribution
  • is supported by the study that showed that outcome, not expectancy, underlies attribution
  • is not supported when people are personally involved with the outcome
  • is yet another silly and obvious hypotheses tested by social psychologists

• 4. Which of the following is true of the fundamental attribution error?
  • It holds constant over time.
  • It is less evident in Western than Eastern cultures
  • It is more evident in Western than Eastern cultures
  • It is weaker in laboratory settings than in "real-world" settings.

• 5. Circularity, which was discussed in the paper about causal knowledge structures for defection, means
  • that a phenomenon is inferred from the same data that are used to test the phenomenon
  • that a phenomenon is not testable without the use of quasi-experimental techniques
  • that causal knowledge structures comprise "nodes" like any other schema, and nodes are circular
  • that phenomena that cannot be operationalized by definition defy experimental investigation

• 6. Why is a script a unique type of schema?
  • a script includes tautological principles that schemas typically do not
  • a script includes chronological information that schemas typically do not
  • a script usually aids memory for consistent information
  • a script aids the interpretation of incoming information

• 7. Memory for schema-inconsistent information is
  • always is worse than memory for schema-consistent information
  • typically is enhanced when the situation is cognitively demanding
  • typically is enhanced when perceivers elaborate on information
  • is predicted (but not supported) by association-network models of memory

• 8. Why is there more difficulty dealing with intraindividual inconsistencies than intragroup inconsistencies?
  • people have more information about a given group than about a given individual
  • intragroup inconsistencies easily can be attributed to a few exceptional group members
  • intraindividual inconsistencies easily can be attributed to a few exceptional group members
  • intraindividual inconsistencies easily can be attributed to a schizophrenia

• 9. Why do communicators use more qualifiers when speaking to an expert?
  • expecting to communicate with an expert encourages "unfreezing" one's impressions
  • expecting to communicate with an expert encourages "freezing" of one's impressions
  • expecting to communicate with an expert increases anxiety, which is correlated with qualifier use
  • expecting to communicate with an expert does not encourage qualifier use. It discourages this.

• 10. Grician maxims
  • are implicit rules that communicators and receivers appear to follow in conversation
  • are implicit rules that specify the structure of schemas for successful communication
  • specify which qualifiers communicators should use for particular conversation domains
  • are a combination of the second-string quarterback of the '49rs and the San Francisco treat

• 11. To say that an aspect of the self concept is "chronically accessible" means that
  • it was primed with the use of a computer program
  • it usually isn't in working memory, unless the situation encourages it's appearance
  • that response latency to information consistent with that aspect of the self concept is relatively slow
  • that this aspect of the self concept guides the encoding and interpretation of incoming information

• 12. The ideal self
  • is what an individual wishes that he or she will become
  • is what an individual believes he or she should become
  • is developed similarly as the superego
  • is being a meteorologist in Iceland

• 13. For a process to be "controlled"
  • it must occur without conscious awareness or intent
  • it typically requires cognitive resources
  • it typically occurs despite cognitive load
  • it must have to do with attributions

• 14. What was the main point of the research on baby-facedness?
  • there was no point; this question is just trying to confuse us
  • people may be attuned to baby-facedness for evolutionary reasons
  • people may be attuned to attractiveness more than baby-facedness
  • people need to recognize that the ecological perspective is more important than schematic perspectives

• 15. If you try to think of a red Volkswagen after having tried not to think of a red Volkswagen
  • you'll automatically put marker dots on a piece of paper
  • you'll think more about a red Volkswagen than if you hadn't tried to suppress the thought
  • you'll think less about a red Volkswagen than if you hadn't tried to suppress the thought
  • you'll need to let the controlled distractor search automatically suppress the thought again

• 16. Sarah, Cathy, and Kristi are blonde. Ali is a redhead. Leigh, Amy, and Jennifer are brunettes.
  • Dr. Ruscher has warped color vision.
  • Dr. Ruscher is organizing by person.
  • Dr. Ruscher is organizing by group.
  • Dr. Ruscher is stereotyping these women.

• 17. People use the information that they believe is relevant to their judgments. This is evident in use of
  • an a expert's personality profile for a lawyer, ignoring base rate of lawyers in the population.
  • a computer's random personality profile for a lawyer, ignoring base rate of lawyers in the population
  • the fundamental error when explaining their own behavior
  • the actor-observer effect when explaining other's behavior

• 18. What is counterfactual thinking?
  • thinking about what might have happened (but didn't)
  • thinking about the reasons for doing something
  • thinking that involves primitive, automatic processes
  • thinking about the fact that the lunch counter is red

• 19. What was the point of the study in which shoppers generally preferred the socks furthest to the right?
  • it provided an excellent example of a field study in which the ethics were questionable
  • people who are chronically accessible on "bargain-hunting" instinctively can find the bargains
  • people are unaware of the causes of their own behavior, but will evoke plausible salient explanations
  • it proves that they read the novel Rabbit Run in which the mother accidentally drowned her baby

• 20. One general finding about affect is that
  • mood and emotion are essentially the same, except for valence
  • effects for positive mood are more predictable than for negative moods
  • the effects of positive moods are more diffuse than for negative moods
  • people in a good mood help only if reciprocity norms are activated

• 21. If negative affect is evidenced by activity in the brow but not in the cheek, and positive affect is evidenced by activity in the cheek
  • then the cheek is a poor indicator of affect
  • then the cheek is the best indicator of negative affect
  • then activity in the cheek is a source of convergent validity
  • then activity in the cheek is a source of discriminant validity

• 22. Facial feedback theory argues that
  • the face provides feedback about why emotion is vascular
  • the face provides information about which emotion is experienced
  • emotion only occurs when people pose their faces into expressions
  • emotion provides information that the face usually is on the head

• 23. Central processing of a message involves
  • controlled processes in which participants critically evaluate the arguments in the message
  • automatic processes in which participants critically evaluate the arguments in the message
  • controlled processes in which participants rely on structural features like source attractiveness
  • automatic processes in which participants rely on structural features like source attractiveness

• 24. In order to reduce cognitive dissonance
  • an individual might trivialize the importance of the consonant elements
  • an individual might trivialize the importance of the dissonant elements
  • an individual might increase the number of dissonant elements
  • a vegetarian might not eat meat or fish

• 25. According to Chaiken, defensive processing
  • is a type of systematic processing, but in this case the processing is unbiased
  • is a type of systematic processing, but in this case the processing is biased
  • involves selective inattention to the message that one finds threatening
  • usually occurs when the individual is relatively uninvolved with the issue

• 26. If a task is difficult (e.g., walking up an icy hill when one is on crutches), one should
  • identify the behavior at a relatively high level (e.g., walking)
  • identify the behavior at a relatively high level (e.g., moving one crutch while remaining upright)
  • identify the behavior at a relatively low level (e.g., walking)
  • identify the behavior at a relatively low level (e.g., moving one crutch while remaining upright)

• 27. Self-fulfilling prophecies and behavioral confirmation involve
  • separating people into jigsaw groups in the classroom
  • eliciting behavior from someone that defies your expectations
  • eliciting behavior from someone that fits your expectations
  • making people feel stupid so that you will be superior to them

• 28. What does "between subjects" necessarily mean? That is, what must be true of a between subjects variable?
  • participants must be assigned randomly to conditions
  • there cannot be confounding variables if internal validity is to be high
  • participants receive only one level of that independent variable
  • the independent variable must be from an impact study (not a judgment study)

• 29. If a researcher has two dependent variables that essentially tap the same construct
  • she should toss the second one to reduce redundancy
  • she should use MANOVA to analyze her data
  • she should consider using one of them as a mediator
  • she should examine whether they equally influence the measured variable

• 30. What does it mean for a variable to be a mediator?
  • the independent variable only affects the dependent variable only to the extent that the mediator is present
  • the independent variable is caused by a change in the mediator, and then it affects the dependent variable
  • any dependent variable essentially is a mediator, but it only is called a mediator when there is an equal number of participants per group
  • the interaction between two independent variables involves mediation (which one is labeled mediator is arbitrary)

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