• 1. According to Kanasawa's analysis of outcome versus expectancy effects in attribution, people spontaneously draw attributions
  • when an outcome is unexpected

• 2. What is the fundamental attribution error?
  • a tendency to draw dispositional inferences about others' behavior

• 3. The idea that negative outcomes elicit spontaneous attributional activity
  • is refuted by the study that showed that expectancy, not outcome, underlies attribution

• 4. Which of the following is true of the fundamental attribution error?
  • It is more evident in Western than Eastern cultures

• 5. Circularity, which was discussed in the paper about causal knowledge structures for defection, means
  • that a phenomenon is inferred from the same data that are used to test the phenomenon

• 6. Why is a script a unique type of schema?
  • a script includes chronological information that schemas typically do not

• 7. Memory for schema-inconsistent information is
  • typically is enhanced when perceivers elaborate on information

• 8. Why is there more difficulty dealing with intraindividual inconsistencies than intragroup inconsistencies?
  • intragroup inconsistencies easily can be attributed to a few exceptional group members

• 9. Why do communicators use more qualifiers when speaking to an expert?
  • expecting to communicate with an expert encourages "unfreezing" one's impressions

• 10. Grician maxims
  • are implicit rules that communicators and receivers appear to follow in conversation

• 11. To say that an aspect of the self concept is "chronically accessible" means that
  • that this aspect of the self concept guides the encoding and interpretation of incoming information

• 12. The ideal self
  • is what an individual wishes that he or she will become

• 13. For a process to be "controlled"
  • it typically requires cognitive resources

• 14. What was the main point of the research on baby-facedness?
  • people may be attuned to baby-facedness for evolutionary reasons

• 15. If you try to think of a red Volkswagen after having tried not to think of a red Volkswagen
  • you'll think more about a red Volkswagen than if you hadn't tried to suppress the thought

• 16. Sarah, Cathy, and Kristi are blonde. Ali is a redhead. Leigh, Amy, and Jennifer are brunettes.
  • Dr. Ruscher is organizing by group.

• 17. People use the information that they believe is relevant to their judgments. This is evident in use of
  • an a expert's personality profile for a lawyer, ignoring base rate of lawyers in the population.

• 18. What is counterfactual thinking?
  • thinking about what might have happened (but didn't)

• 19. What was the point of the study in which shoppers generally preferred the socks furthest to the right?
  • people are unaware of the causes of their own behavior, but will evoke plausible salient explanations

• 20. One general finding about affect is that
  • effects for positive mood are more predictable than for negative moods

• 21. If negative affect is evidenced by activity in the brow but not in the cheek, and positive affect is evidenced by activity in the cheek
  • then activity in the cheek is a source of discriminant validity

• 22. Facial feedback theory argues that
  • the face provides information about which emotion is experienced

• 23. Central processing of a message involves
  • controlled processes in which participants critically evaluate the arguments in the message

• 24. In order to reduce cognitive dissonance
  • an individual might trivialize the importance of the dissonant elements

• 25. According to Chaiken, defensive processing
  • is a type of systematic processing, but in this case the processing is biased

• 26. If a task is difficult (e.g., walking up an icy hill when one is on crutches), one should
  • identify the behavior at a relatively low level (e.g., moving one crutch while remaining upright)

• 27. Self-fulfilling prophecies and behavioral confirmation involve
  eliciting behavior from someone that defies your expectations
  • eliciting behavior from someone that fits your expectations

• 28. What does "between subjects" necessarily mean? That is, what must be true of a between subjects variable?
  • participants receive only one level of that independent variable

• 29. If a researcher has two dependent variables that essentially tap the same construct
  • she should use MANOVA to analyze her data

• 30. What does it mean for a variable to be a mediator?
  • the independent variable only affects the dependent variable only to the extent that the mediator is present

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