Final Exam Psyc345 ___________________________ Ruscher Summer 1998 Your name Multiple Choice: Circle the letter corresponding to your answer (1 point each) 1. High distinctiveness a. means that an event occurs primarily in this particular situation, and not in others b. means that an event occurs continually across situations, including the current one c. means that the event occurs continually in this situation, across time d. means that the event rarely occurs in the situation, when considered over time 2. The fundamental attribution error a. is a central concept in Kelley's covariation model b. is the same as the self-serving bias c. is stronger in Western than in Eastern countries d. is stronger in Eastern than in Western countries 3. The predominant stage approaches to attributions about others' behaviors a. argue that dispositional inferences are relatively automatic b. argue that dispositional inferences follow situational inferences c. argue that consensus information is more important than consistency d. argue that consistency information is more important than distinctiveness 4. According to Lord and his colleagues a. leakage beliefs are strongly dependent on whether one if a high self-monitor b. leakage beliefs are strongly dependent on whether one if a low self-monitor c. individuals with weaker leakage beliefs should show a greater correspondence bias d. individuals with strong leakage beliefs should show a greater correspondence bias 5. According to Higgins, a discrepancy between the actual and ideal self a. stems from the desire to acquire positive outcomes b. stems from the desire to avoid negative outcomes c. is typically greater than the ought-actual discrepancy d. is typically smaller than the ought-actual discrepancy 6. In her study concerning the interpersonal nature of self-schemas, Brown showed that: a. students of color showed less positive possible selves in long term relationships with a TA of their same ethnicity b. students of color showed more positive possible selves with a TA of another ethnicity (e.g., African-American student with Latina TA) than with a TA of the same ethnicity c. students of color showed less positive possible selves with a European-American TA, irrespective of relationship length d. students of color showed less positive possible selves in long term relationships with a European-American TA 7. Accessibility of a construct means that a. the construct recently has been activated in memory b. reaction time to construct-relevant words are delayed c. the construct is being actively suppressed and is not used d. the construct must be part of the individual's self-schema 8. Memory for schema-inconsistent information is enhanced when: a. people are under time pressure b. recognition measures are used c. people try to resolve discrepancies d. the schema is presented early 9. According to the linguistic intergroup bias a. people view schema-congruent behaviors in a more concrete fashion b. people view schema-congruent behaviors in a more abstract fashion c. people view moderate behaviors in a more abstract fashion d. people view moderate behaviors in a more schema-inconsistent fashion 10. The ecological perspective holds that perceivers use a. schemas for social perception b. characteristics of the stimulus itself for social perception c. social constructions for social perception d. exemplars for social perception and categorization 11. According to Fiske and Taylor's model of impression formation a. motivation encourages people to form more category-based (less individualized) impressions b. motivation encourages people to form more individualized (less category-based) impressions c. people only use stereotypes when doing so is worth their while d. people recategorize exemplars into prototypes to protect their stereotypes 12. Hyperaccessibility means that a. a thought is more cognitively available than typically is the case b. a thought is less cognitively available than typically is the case c. an ipsative memory trace is apparent in the perceiver d. expression of the thought is nearly impossible 13. Illusory correlation refers to a. the statistic used to examine cognitive clustering b. the statistic used in meta-analysis c. the typical finding that encoding influences memory d. the perceived relation between rare events 14. Thinking about what might have been is called a. moral reasoning b. ipsative reasoning c. hyperaccessible thinking d. counterfactual thinking 15. Which of the following is an example of "regression to the mean?" a. people draw inappropriate inferences about the "average" opinion held by their group b. people's stereotypes focus around average members of the group rather than ideal prototypes c. children selected for a self-help program on the basis of their low self-esteem show higher self-esteem at the end of the program. d. college students who receive an exceptionally high score the first time they take the GRE obtained an even higher score the second time 16. Organization by group is most likely when a. people expect to interact with the group members b. people are under a high cognitive load or time pressure c. people are familiar with the group members d. one or more group member is reminiscent of a familiar exemplar 17. Procedural memory reflect a. requires storage in a series of verbal propositions b. explains how role schemas work c. allows for social inferences to become routinized d. the rules that communicators follow 18. Research on autobiographical memory for transgressions indicates that: a. attributions of blame follow the tesseract principle b. perpetrators are more accurate than victims c. biased recall depends on personality characteristics d. recall is biased toward the individual's perspective 19. Ajzen and Fishbein argue that an attitude toward performing a behavior stems from a. the subjective norm regarding the appropriateness of the behavior b. beliefs about and evaluations of the consequences of those behaviors c. the correspondence between that levels at which the attitude and behavior are measured d. the systematic integration of its elements, which primarily are consonant 20. A nonverbal measure of the cognitive component of attitude is: a. reaction time b. facial expression c. heart rate d. incandescence 21. According to Petty and Wegener's functional approach to attitude change: a. attitudes serving ego-relevant functions should be easiest to change with value expressive arguments b. attitudes serving value-expressive functions should be easiest to change with value expressive arguments c. high self-monitors should scrutinize image-related arguments more than quality-related arguments d. strong arguments function as cues to individuals with high need for cognition 22. The James-Lange theory of emotion holds that a. physical reactions cause emotional experiences b. emotional experience cause physical reactions c. emotional experiences and physical reactions are concurrent d. appraisals of threat drive emotional experience 23. John is in a happy mood and then easily remembers a pleasant time from his childhood. This effect reflects: a. Mayer et al's cognitive appraisal approach to affect and recollection b. the propensity of happy moods to narrow the perceptual field c. the recall-affect interface d. mood-congruent memory 24. Zajonc's argument about affective primacy. is supported by research showing that a. muscle flexion and extension are associated with positive and negative feelings, respectively b. good moods are associated with increased helping behavior c. subliminal primes can influence evaluative judgments of ambiguous stimuli d. hard interface is a lot of hooey. 25. Perceptual confirmation means that: a. the perceiver expects the target to behave in an expectancy-confirming fashion b. the perceiver interprets the target's behavior as expectancy-confirming c. the perceiver causes the target to behave in an expectancy-confirming fashion d. the target confirms the perceiver's expectations with nonverbal behavior 26. For a novice chopstick user, eating with chopsticks a. should be easier if the person identifies the task at a high level b. should be easier if the person identifies the task at a low level c. should result in more negative affect if she is being watched d. should result in more neative affect is she is alone