10.8 (a) 1.88 x 10^9 m (b) 1.9 x 10^27 kg 10.11 6 x 10^24 kg 10.15 10 times heavier 10.23 (a) -6.3 x 10^9 J (b) -3.1 x 10^9 J (c) 7920 m/s 10.32 16 km/s 10.34 6950 m/s