What follows is a style guide for use in writing archaeology papers. This style guide relies extensively on the publication "Editorial Policy, Information for Authors, and Style Guide for American Antiquity and Latin American Antiquity" (American Antiquity 1992, Vol. 57, pp.749-770). The principal change from the American Antiquity style guide is that while they require that the first names of authors in References Cited be given only as initials, this style guide requires that the author’s first name be spelled out in full. In addition, this style guide includes a section on referencing electronic sources (especially internet web pages) not found in the American Antiquity style guide. The source for many of the ideas in this section on referencing electronic media is "Where Credit is Due: A Guide to Proper Citing of Sources--Print and Nonprint". 2nd ed. (1997). Additional suggestions were incorporated from the "Publication Manual of the American Pyschological Association." 4th ed. (1994). For further information see the list of Reference Style links at the end of this document.
1.1.1 Numbers.
When cardinal numbers are used, all numbers above nine should be expressed with Arabic numerals (except as noted below); spell our numbers zero through nine. On a paragraph-by-paragraph basis, when the majority of numbers is above nine, the numbers zero through nine are often expressed numerically as well. Use commas to indicate places in Arabic numerals: e.g., 5,000; 10,000; 240,000; 1,000,000. Exceptions to these general rules are as follows:
Spell out any numbers that begins a sentence. Examples: Twelve of the vessels (or can be rephrased as "A total of 12 vessels was analyzed...") or "Five hundred years ago..."Spell out numbers that are used in a general sense in the text. Examples: "Several hundred sherds were recovered..."
Ordinal numbers are always spelled out in text. Examples: "During the seventh cycle," "In the eighteenth century," "In the fiftieth percentile." In the References Cited section, use ordinal numbers to indicate at which annual meeting a paper was presented. Example: "Paper presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology..."
Dates should be expressed as follows: 250 years; on October 3, 1952 (but see subsection 3.9.12 on citation of newspapers); in the nineteenth century (not 19th); during the 1970s (not 1970's); 1921-1925 (not 1921-5 or 1921-25). (See subsection 3.3.5 on the expression of radiometric dates.)
Official site numbers should be included with site names whenever possible. Smithsonian Trinomial System (STS) site numbers are preferred (e.g., 23SG5); do not use hyphens between components of the trinomial and use only capital letters for the county designation. Where the STS is not employed use the accepted numbering system for that region.
1.1.2 Metric measurements.
All measurements of distance, area, volume, and weight should be expressed in the metric system unless reporting an older excavation conducted in the English system, in which case the English equivalent should follow the metric, in parentheses. Thus, centimeters, meters, kilometers, liters, grams, and hectares are used, not inches, feet, gallons, acres, miles. The metric units are abbreviated without periods; liters, however, is not abbreviated to avoid confusion with the Arabic numeral "1." Examples: 18 cm, 3 m, 12 km, 28 ha, 6 m 2 , 2 liters. Leave a space between the number and the abbreviation. All measurements should be expressed with Arabic numerals and abbreviated except when they are used nonspecifically, appear at the beginning of a sentence, or as noted above. Examples: "Several cubic meters of fill," "Three kilometers from the site." A metric conversion table can be found in Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary.
1.1.3 Radiometric ages and dates.
In all instances where radiocarbon dates are reported for the first time, the following conventions must be employed. However, if the date was first published elsewhere, it is only necessary to cite that reference (with page number[s]).
The uncalibrated radiocarbon age must be given in the first direct citation. Uncalibrated radiocarbon ages must (1) be based on the 5,568-year half-life of 14C (divide radiocarbon ages based on the 5,730-year half-life by 1.03); (2) be expressed as years B.P. &endash; do not convert to radiocarbon years A.D./B.C.; (3) be followed by the 1-sigma (1s) standard error as given by the laboratory; (4) include sample identification number given by the laboratory (use conventions established for laboratory abbreviations used in the journal Radiocarbon); (5) state what material was dated (e.g., wood charcoal, corn cob, bone apatite); and (6) state whether the date has been corrected for isotopic fractionation. If a d13C value was given by the laboratory, then this correction has been made. The best way to indicate this is to provide the d13C value. Example: 3680 ± 60 B.P. (Pta-3964, wood charcoal; d13C = -23.8%).
Calibrated dates must always be identified as such, using the conventions cal A.D. or cal B.C. (note the placement of cal and the punctuation). Authors must identify the particular calibration used, must state whether the calibration is made for 1 sigma or 2 sigma (2 sigma preferred), and present the calibrated age as a range of calendar age (or ranges where more than one is possible). If there is more than one possible range of calendar age, and the calibration program assigns probabilities to each, these must be cited. Example: for the date 3680 ± 60 B.P. the two possible calibrated ranges are 2279-2232 cal. B.C. (P = .05) and 2209-1905 cal. B.C. (P=.95). (Calibrated at 2 sigma with the program CALIB 2.0 [Stuiver and Reimer 1986].) If many calibrated dates are included in a manuscript, then presentation in the form of a table is advised (see, for example, Table 1 in Andrews and Hammond, American Antiquity 55:570-584).
The atomic weight of an isotope is indicted as a superscript preceding the atomic symbol-thus 14C, not C-14 or C14.
1.1.4 Quotations.
Quoted matter of less than eight typed lines in length should be run into the text, between (double) quotation marks. Use single quotation marks only when it is necessary to have quotation marks within a quotation. After the quotation, cite author, year of publication, and page number(s) in parenthesis. Example: Mental life, as such, cannot be grasped, but we can grasp the intention through the intentional product, "the objective and identical correlate in which mental life surpasses itself" (Ricoeur 1981:50).
Quoted matter that runs to eight or more typed lines should be set off from the text as a block quote and double spaced, with two line of space above and below. Example:
Most of the area is true savannah, the most difficulty vegetation for the primitive farmer to cope with, and also the rains in general are undependable...The only incentive for heavy settlement would be on the basis of irrigation agriculture, and ...[at Zempoala] this incentive was presented [Sanders 1953:76].
Note: Brackets are used instead of parentheses within the excerpt for author-added material and for the citation. When emphasis is added or was already in the original material, the source of the emphasis should be noted after the citation, within the brackets. Example: [Sanders 1953:76; emphasis added] or [Sanders 1953:76 emphasis in original]. When a translation of material is made, it should follow the quotation, with translator noted. Example: [translation by Rowe (1980:1:5)] or [translation by the author]. Refer to The Chicago Manual of Style, 13th ed., Chapter 10, for more information on quotations and for the correct use of ellipsis points.
1.1.5 Spelling.
The authority for spelling is Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. For anything not in the New Collegiate, consult Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (unabridged). Non-authorative dictionary sources can be found in section 6.4. Use American English spellings only (except in quotations and references and in referring to an institution when it is imperative to preserve the original spelling). When more than one spelling is offered for a word, use the first spelling listed, e.g., labeled, not labeled; archaeology, not archeology; artifact, not artefact; acknowledgments not acknowledgements. Preferred spellings for some words commonly used in archaeological parlance include: fieldwork, rockshelter, ear spool, posthole, postmold, plow zone, use life, ball court, ground stone, pithouse, pit structure, room block, field house, X-ray (noun), x-ray (verb), cross section (noun), cross-section (verb). Spell out percent, except in tables, where % should be used.
The primary Spanish dictionary used is the Vox New College Spanish and English Dictionary, which contains many more of the words used in archaeological writing than do the other commonly available Spanish-English dictionaries. It also features special sections on Spanish grammatical conventions (e.g., capitalization, numerical, syntax).
1.1.6 Italics.
Words in languages other than the primary language in which the manuscript is written are italicized (underlined in manuscript). Use standard orthographies, including diacritical marks, and explain unusual symbols (also see subsection 3.3.1.2 on accents, below). Generic, specific, and varietal names are italicized: e.g., Homo sapiens sapiens, Spondylus sp. All other taxonomic designations are printed in Roman type. Titles of books, journals, poems, and other literary works are italicized when mentioned in the text; article titles mentioned in the text are in roman type, set off by quotation marks. Letters that represent mathematical variable are italicized (see subsection 3.3.4, above). Foreign words and phrases in common use, or anglicized should not be italicized. Consult Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary: Any word or phrase that appears in the main section of the dictionary should not be italicized (e.g., in situ, a priori, et al., vis-ã-vis, milpa): any word that appears at the end of the dictionary in the section on "Foreign Words and Phrases" should be italicized (e.g., anno mundi, caveat lector).
1.1.7 Capitalization.
For capitalization of nonarchaeological terms, consult the Chicago Manual, Chapter 7. Capitalize the names of specific archaeological and geographical area. Examples: Mesoamerica, Lowland Maya, Gulf Coast, the Southwest,. Directional, topographical, and general geographic terms are in lower case unless they are derived from proper names of political, ethnic, or taxonomic entities. Examples: mesoamerican, southwestern, north coast of Peru, central Mexico; but Maya Lowlands, Sonoran Desert, Eastern Woodlands.
Capitalize taxonomic names of generic and higher rank. Examples: order Artiodactyla, family Bovidae, genus Bison, Pinus ponderosa. Names of mountains, rivers, oceans, and so forth are capitalized, along with the generic terms, such as lake, mountain, river, valley &endash; when used as part of a name. When a generic term is used descriptively rather than as part of the name, when used alone, or when plural, it is lowercased. Examples; the Mississippi River, the valley of the Mississippi, the Mississippi River Valley, the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, but Lakes Michigan and Huron.
Capitalize proper names, including Lower, Middle, Early, and Late when they are part of the name, or chronological, cultural, and geological divisions, but give taxonomic division names and restrictive modifiers in lower case. Examples: Upper Paleolithic period, late Holocene, Classic period, Koster site, Anasazi culture, Upper Republican aspect, Olmec horizon, Riverton phase, Denali complex. Capitalize the names of archaeological classes, but place generic terms in lower case. Examples: Clovis point, Cody knives, Hardin Barbed point, Salado polychromes (which include types Gila Polychrome, Tonto Polychrome, etc.).
1.1.8 Hyphenation.
For rules governing hyphenation of nonarchaeological compound words, consult Table 6.1 in the Chicago Manual, or Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary. Compounds are spelled without hyphens if they can be considered permanent combinations. Examples: rockshelter, preceramic, Postclassic, Pre-Columbian, Prehispanic, Paleoindian, Preconquest; but pre-Basketmaker, mid-Pleistocene, etc. Prefixes in common use are not hyphenated. Examples: noncultural, reanalyze, infrastructure, intercommunity, intrasite. Hyphenate descriptive terms that are combinations of words including a preposition. Examples: red-on-buff pottery, 1-x-1-m unit. Hyphenate fractions when they are spelled out. Examples: one-third, seven-tenths. A general rule it to hyphenate paired words serving an adjectival function (termed compound modifiers). Examples: obsidian-hydration dating, heat-treated silicates, two-story pueblo, 5-m depth but depth of 5 m. Never hyphenate a combination of an adverb ending in -ly plus a participle or adjective, e.g., highly developed species.
1.1.9 Abbreviations.
Abbreviations are used infrequently in the journals. Exceptions include acronyms for long titles of agencies, institutions, etc., which will be mentioned frequently in the text (they are always introduced following the full name). Examples: Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia e Historia (INAH). Metric units are given in abbreviated form when they follow numbers. Examples: 7 km, 2,000 m asl, 23 cm. See subsection 3.3.5 for information on placement of abbreviations pertinent to dates. A few other abbreviations are permitted. Examples: et al., e.g., i.e., ca., cf. ("compare against"; does not mean "see"), vs. (not versus), rev. ed., 3 vols. Never use ibid. or op. cit; follow the conventions for in-text citations given in section 3.4. Always spell out percent except in tables.
1.1.10 Accents.
For both journals, include all common accents for French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, etc. in the text and in the References Cited section. Be sure the accents are clearly marked, accurate, and consistent. Pay particular attention to proper names and titles of works (the rules for placement of accents in Spanish hold for all place names in Spanish, even on words that were hispanicized from other languages such as Nahuatl or Mayan). Examples: Teotihuacán, Chichén Itzá, Copán, Kaminaljuyú. Never add accents to initial-capitals-only titles that do not have them in the original.
In-text year citations always immediately follow the name(s) of the author(s). All of the examples make use of parentheses in their ordinary format. However, when reference citations are used in textual material set off in parentheses, the parentheses in the citations convert to brackets. Examples: (see, e.g., Shapere [1985] on the constitution of "observations" in physics, and Kosso [1989] on observation in science generally). For examples of citations in quoted material see subsection 3.3.6, above.
2.1.1 Simple citation, with no page numbers, etc., specified.
(Wylie 1991) or Wiley (1991)
2.1.2 Two Authors.
(Barnes and Fleming 1991) or Barnes and Fleming (1991)
2.1.3 Three or more authors.
(Cobean et al. 1991) or Cobean et al. (1991)
Note: Use of "et al." is limited to in-text citations. The only time all names should be listed for a paper with three or more authors in a text citation is when a person is senior author of more than one jointly authored item in the same year. Example: Barnosky, Anderson and Bartlein (1987) and Barnosky, Grimm, and Wright (1987) would appear as shown, not as Barnosky et al. (1987a, 1987b). Whereas the use of et al. is permissible in text citation, in the References Cited section all names must be listed following the senior author’s name.
2.1.4 Several different authors cited in one place and/or several references by the same author.
(Ashmore 1986; Coe 1965; de Montmollin 1988; Fox 1987, 1991; Freidel 1986; Freidel and Schele 1986; Freidel et al. 1990)
Note how semicolons are used to separate works by different authors and how commas are used to separate distinct, chronologically ordered works by the same author. References are always ordered alphabetically within strings, by author. Note that de Montmollin is alphabetized here under "d," as the name would also be alphabetized in the References Cited section.
2.1.5 Two or more references by the same author or authors in the same year.
(Jones and Brown 1972a, Wilson 1973c) or Jones and Brown (1972a, 1972b) and Wilson (1973c)
Note: When an individual or individuals have both authored and edited (or compiled) publications with the same date, and both are cited, the edited (or compiled) volume is to be distinguished in citation as follows. Example: (Adams, ed. 1977) or Adams (ed. 1977). Edited (or compiled) volumes are so identified in the text only when potential ambiguity occurs. The authored publication precedes the edited (or compiled) one in both citation and reference. Example: (Flannnery 1976; Flannery, ed. 1976) or Flannery (1976) and Flannery (ed. 1976).
2.1.6 Two authors, same surname, same year published.
(J. Smith 1982; N. Smith 1982) or J. Smith (1982) and N. Smith (1982)
2.1.7 Two authors, same surname, different years published.
(Smith 1982; Smith 1987) or Smith (1982), Smith (1987)
2.1.8 Citation of government agency, company, etc.
(United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service [USDA, SCS] 1975)
Note: State the complete name of the agency, company, etc., as with any other citation, but if the citation will occur more than once in the text, then abbreviate names to their commonly accepted acronyms and place in brackets. Thereafter when mentioned in the text the citation will be, e.g., (USDA, SCS 1975) or USDA, SCS (1975).
2.1.9 Citation with pages, figures, or tables specified.
(Smith 1977:3), (Jones and Wilson 1971:Figure 2), (Johnson et al. 1970:Table 1), (Taylor 1964:23, 72-78) or Smith (1977:3), Jones and Wilson (1971:Figure 2), Brown (1968:533-534), Johnson et al. (1970:Table 1), Taylor (1964:23, 72-78)
Note: Use a colon to separate date of publication from additional information. There should be no space between colon and additional information. Page numbers must always be given when direct quotations are used in the text or when other authors' ideas are directly paraphrased. Always use full page numbers in a citation, e.g., 312-315 not 312-15. Never use ff. or passim (however, it is permissible to use "ff." as an abbreviation for folios). Spell out and capitalize such words as Figure, Table, Plate, etc. If citing a figure, table, etc., do not include the page number on which it occurs unless additional, separate textual information from that page is being cited as well.
2.1.10 Citation to multivolume set.
(Thwaites 1896-1901:17:232-236, 19:197) or Thwaites (1896-1901:17:232-236, 19:197)
Note: In this example, "17" and "19" refer to the volume numbers. Volume number should be cited exactly as it appears in the series, i.e., in Roman numerals or in Arabic numerals.
2.1.11 Citation to forthcoming book, or article in journal issue in press.
(Kuttruff 1992) or Kuttruff (1992)
Note: Everything has a date. Never use "n.d." or "in press" with in-text citations. Give date either of manuscript completion (in the case of a manuscript that is "on file"somewhere), or of manuscript submission or anticipated publication date for an item that has been accepted for publication. Also see subsection 3.9.20, below. Written permission should be obtained from any author whose in-press work is being cited.
2.1.12 No author specified.
Cite the group or agency issuing the report, or the publisher.
(United Nations 1963), (Committee on Ethics 1977) or United Nations (1963), Committee on Ethics (1977)
Note: Also see subsection 3.9.6, below.
2.1.13 Citation of Primary-source materials (e.g., unpublished archival materials including administrative records, letters, etc.).
Citation of primary-source material will be archive specific, so that it is impossible to devise a rote formula for citation. It is important to include the name of the archive, title of the work (if named), nature of the material (e.g., letter [optional]), collection name, identification number (legajo, fascicle, folio, etc.), date (if known), and geographic location of material. Consider the following examples:
(Archivo General de la Nacion, Lima [AGN], Juzgado de Aguas 3.3.7.23, f. 3v); note that subsequent citations would use only the acronym AGN and the shortened "Aguas" (e.g., AGN, Aguas 3.3.4.39,3.3.9.9)
(Archivo General de Indias, Seville [AGI], Papeles de Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 345); subsequent citation = (AGI, Cuba, legajo 2365, f. 523)
(McHenry County Courthouse, Woodstock, Illinois [MCC] 1880: Deed book [DB] 1:50; subsequent citation = (MCC 1890:DB 2:10)
(Raimond Quenel, Etienne Govreau, and Marie Louise Quenel to do Gruys Verloins, sale of property, 8 February 1752, Kaskaskia Manuscripts [KM], Office of Randolph County Clerk, Chester, Illinois); subsequent citation = (KM 52:2:8:1)
(F. Boas to E. B. Howard, letter, 9 May 1935, Boas Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia)
Note: Primary-source citations appear only in the text and are not duplicated in the References Cited section. If you are citing primary-source material from a published source, you must follow conventional citation rules in the text and in the References Cited. It is preferable to cite Latin American codices by the editor of the particular edition of the codex used (unless the actual document was consulted), e.g., (Dibble 1980) for the sixteenth-century Codice Xolotl. See corresponding example in a subsection 3.9.3.
2.1.14 Citation with earlier edition specified.
In cases where many years separate the original publication of an item and a reprinted edition, and where it is important to the author's argument to indicate the use of period sources, the original date of publication should be placed in brackets following citation, in usual fashion, of the reprint edition.
(Cobo 1956:169 [1653]
(Russel and Erwin 1980 [1865])
Note: See corresponding examples in subsection 3.9.5.
2.1.15 Citation of newspapers.
(Weekly Missouri Courier [WMC], 7 July 1838:page numbers [if available])
Note: After first mention, simply use WMC with date and page. Also see subsection 3.9.12.
2.1.16 Personal communication, no publication involved.
(Ian Brown, personal communication 1990) or Ian Brown (personal communication 1990)
Note: Give full name and date. Personal communications should be used sparingly and should never be used when published citation is available for the same information. Written permission to use any information provided in a personal communication must be obtained from the person(s) providing it. Personal communication citations appear only in the text and are not duplicated in the References Cited section.
2.2 Citations and References in BOOK REVIEWS
References in BOOK REVIEWS should be used sparingly if at all. When they occur, they should be placed in the text, in shortened form, enclosed in parentheses.
1. Article: (Ashmore, Latin American Antiquity 2:199-226).
2. Book: (Willey, Introduction to American Archaeology, vol. 1, 1966).
3. Review: (Tilley, Review of Binford, American Antiquity 57:164-166).
4. Citations to the book under review require only the page numbers: (p.5), (pp. 83-89).
2.3 Acknowledgments
The Acknowledgments section of a manuscript is inserted at the end of the text, using a tertiary heading Acknowledgments., immediately preceding the References Cited section. All support that went toward completion of a manuscript should b cited: financial, institutional, intellectual, and technical (e.g., drafting of figures, translation of abstract).
3.1.1 Citation.
Every table must be cited in the text, beginning with Table 1 and continuing sequentially; do not abbreviate the word "Table." Examples: (Table 1), (Tables 1 and 2), (Tables 1-3), (Tables 2, 3, and 7), "As illustrated in Table 1…"
Every figure must be cited in the text and must be numbered sequentially in the order it appears, using the following form. Do not abbreviate the work "Figure." Example: (Figure 2), (Figures 2-5), (Figures 1 and 2), (Figure 7a-f), (Figures 1, 3, and 5), "As shown in Figure 5..."
The reference section begins a new page, under the primary heading REFERENCES CITED, and must be double spaced throughout. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all references used. All references cited in the text must appear in the References Cited section list (except for personal communications and primary-source materials), and all entries in the list must be cited in the text.
Alphabetize the References Cited section by the last names of authors, and use author’s full name (including titles, e.g., Jr.) whenever possible. Use initials only (with space between them) for authors' and editors' middle name(s) as they appear on the title page of the work. "Mc" should be alphabetized as if it were spelled "Mac." Two or more works by the same author or authors should be listed chronologically; two or more by the same author or authors in the same year should be listed in the order they are first referred to in the text and differentiated by lower-case letters following the date (i.e., 1991a, 1991b; see examples below). An exception is discussed in subsection 3.4.5, above. Arrange the parts of each reference in the general order: Author(s), date, title, publisher, location of publisher. For name of publisher, do not include "and Company," "Inc.," "Publishers," "Publishing Company," etc. If a city is not well known, include state name (use U.S. Postal Service two letter abbreviations, e.g., NM, LA, CA, etc.) along with city name for place of publication. Follow the examples given below for arrangement, indentation, etc. When in doubt about what to include in a reference, and if no suitable example occurs below, include all information appearing on the title page of the work. Reproduce punctuation and spelling of words in a title exactly, and consult subsection 3.3.12 for the use of accents in titles.
4.1.1 Book, single author.
Schiffer, Michael B.1987 Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Braudel, Fernand
1949 La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranée à L’Époque de Phillipe II. Libraire A. Colin, Paris.
Note: Use appropriate format for foreign-language titles, in respect to capitalization, accents, etc. For title published in non-Roman alphabets - Chinese, Cyrillic, etc. - give title in Romanized transcription when possible, with English translation of the title following immediately in brackets.
4.1.2 Book, multiple authors.
Schmidt, Milton O., and William H. Rayner1978 Fundamentals of Surveying. Van Nostrand, New York.
Note: Place only the first author's name in reverse order and always use serial commas. This example also illustrates how to treat a later edition. For ordinal number of edition, use 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, etc., and set off numbered editions with periods. Also, note whether an edition is revised or if it is a facsimile edition.
4.1.3 Edited or compiled book (editor or compiler as "author").
Dibble, C. E. (editor)1980 [sixteenth century] Codice Xolotl. Universidad Autonama de Mexico, Mexico D.F.
Griffin, James B. (editor)
1952 Archeology of Eastern United States. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
4.1.4 Translated Book
Bonavia, D.1985 Mural Painting in Ancient Peru. Translated by P.J. Lyon. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
4.1.5 Reissued or reprinted book.
When it is desirable to indicate the original publication date of a book together with the reissue or reprint date (see subsection 3.4.14, above), the following format should be used.
Cobo, B.1956 [1653] Historia del Nuevo Mundo. Obras del P. Bernabé Cobo de la Compañia de Jesús, edited by R.F. Mateos. Ediciones Atlas, Madrid.
Russell & Ervin Manufacturing Company
1980 [1865] Illustrated Catalog of American Hardware of the Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company. Russell and Erwin Manufacturing Company, New Britain, CT. 1980 facsimile ed. Association for Preservation Technology, Ottawa.
Note: Corresponding citations in the text would be, e.g., (Cobo 1956:169 [1653]) and (Russell and Erwin 1980 [1865]).
In cases where a century or less separate the original date of publication from the reprint or reissue date, use this format.
Densmore, Francis1970 Chippewa Custons. Reprinted. Ross and Haines, Minneapolis. Originally published 1929, Bulletin No. 86, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Note: The corresponding text citation would be (Densmore 1970).
4.1.6 Book or other item, no author.
SCS Engineers1986 A Survey of Household Hazardous Waste and Related Collection Programs. SCS Engineers, Reston, VA.
Secretari'a de Programacio'n y Presupuesto (SPP)
1981 Carta edafológica. Thematic map, 1:1,000,000.SPP.México, D.F.
U.S. Government Printing Office
1967 Style Manual. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
4.1.7 Multivolume set.
Biggar, H.P. (editor)1929 The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol. III. The Champlain Society, Toronto.
Thwaites, Rueben G. (editor)
1896-1901 The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. 73 vols. Burrows Brothers, Cleveland.
Beals, Roy L., and James A. Hester, Jr.
1974 Indian Land use and Occupancy in California. 3 vols. Garland, New York.
Note: The name of the set is italicized, and the volume number follows, set off by a comma, to specify reference to a single volume. The reference must be unequivocal about whether a particular volume or the entire set is referenced, and which volume in each case. See subsection 3.4.10 for citation format for single volumes when more than one is cited.
4.1.8 Titled volume/monograph in series.
Ford, James A.1951 Greenhouse: A Troyville-Coles Creek Period Site in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. Anthropological Papers Vol. 44, Pt. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Phillips, Philip, James A. Ford, and James B. Griffin
1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Vol. 25. Harvard University, Cambridge.
Madsen, David B., and James F. O'Connell (editors)
1982 Man and Environment in the Great Basin. SAA Papers No 2. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C.
Rolingson, Martha A., and Frank F. Schambach
1981 The Shallow Lake Site (3UN 9/52) and Its Place in Regional Prehistory. Research Series 12. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
Parsons, Jeffrey R.
1971 Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Texcoco Region, Mexico. Memoirs No. 3. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Note: Italicize the title of the volume/monograph and list the series name, publisher, and place of publication in the format given above. Note that in the first two examples there is no comma preceding "Vol.", because they are not volumes in the true sense (as in subsection 3.9.7 above), but rather are distinct, numbered monographs in a series (not a set).
4.1.9 Article in a journal.
Anderson, David G.1995 Recent Advances in Paleoindian and Archaic Period Research in the Southeastern United States. Archaeology of Eastern North America 23:145-176.
Note: Issue number is not used when the journal is paginated continuously (sequentially paged) throughout the volume (see next example).
Deagan, Kathleen, and Michael Scardaville1985 Archaeology and History on Historic Hispanic Sites: Impediments and Solutions. Historical Archaeology 19(1):32-37.
Note: If each issue of a journal begins with page 1, the issue number must be included, in parentheses, following the volume number.
4.1.10 Article, group author.
The Royal Society Conference of Editors1968 Metrification in Scientific Journals. American Scientist 56:159-164.
4.1.11 Article in a magazine, no author.
The Indian Homeland1991 U.S. News and World Report. 8 July:27-28.
Note: This format also applies to encyclopedia entries. Discount the initial article when alphabetizing. For an authored article in a magazine, follow the format for article in a journal, but use the date, month, and page numbers as specified here.
4.1.12 Item in a newspaper.
When nonauthored items appear:
Weekly Missouri Courier (WMC) [Palmyra, Missouri]
When authored items appear:
Martin, J.C.1991 A Plug for Radio: Anthropologist Has Good Word for U.S. Techno-wizardry. Arizona Daily Star 2 December:B5.
4.1.13 Article in edited book or monograph.
Nassaney, Michael S.1991 Spatial-Temporal Dimensions of Social Integration During the Coles Creek Period in Central Arkansas. In Stability, Transformation, and Variation: The Late Woodland Southeast, edited by M. S. Nassaney and C. R. Cobb, pp. 177-220. Plenum Press, New York.
Note: Multiple editors are listed in full; "et al." is not used here.
Cowan, C. Wesley1978 The Prehistoric Use and Distribution of Maygrass in Eastern North America: Cultural and Phytogeographical Implications. In The Nature and Status of Ethnobotany, edited by R. I. Ford, pp. 263-288. Anthropological Papers 67. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
4.1.14 Article in edited volume in a series.
Heidenreich, Conrad E.1978 Huron. In Northeast, edited by B. G. Trigger, pp. 368-388. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Note: The same reference format is used for articles in the Handbook of Mesoamerica Indians and the Handbook of South American Indians.
Kohl, Philip L.1987 The Use and Abuse of World Systems Theory: The Case of the Pristine West Asian State. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 11, edited by M.B. Schiffer, pp. 1-35. Academic Press, San Diego.
Note: When the volumes are individually titled, the volume title is italicized; otherwise, the series name is italicized. The editor's name follows the volume title or series name and volume number, and is followed by the inclusive page numbers.
4.1.15 Article in proceedings, transactions, or annual reports series.
Coe, Joffre L.1964 The Formative Cultures of the Carolina Piedmont. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 54 (5):1-130. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
4.1.16 Paper presented at a meeting.
Fritz, Gayle J.1988 Adding the Plant Remains to Assessments of Late Woodland/Early Mississippi Period Plant Husbandry. Paper presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Phoenix.
Note: Permission from the author(s) of a presented paper must be obtained before it may be cited. Use Roman or Arabic numerals for the number of the conference, congress, etc., as is used in the name and be sure to include the location.
4.1.17 A book review.
Potter, Parker B. Jr.1992 Review of Reading Material Culture: Structuralism, Hermeneutics, and Post-Structuralism, edited by C.Tilley. American Antiquity 57:556-557.
4.1.18 Contract and proprietary reports.
Use the following format only for reports that are not published as parts of any series. When a series is identified (e.g., Archaeological Series, Arizona State Museum; Research Series, Arkansas Archeological Survey), follow the format for volumes/monographs in a series given in subsections 3.9.8 and 3.9.14, above. Otherwise, cite by author(s), editor(s), or compilers, as appropriate; date of completion or submission; and title. Follow that with the name of the institution through which the report was prepared, and then the agency or institution that paid for the report. Occasionally these will be the same; if so, indicate that clearly. Contract number should be given when available, and National Technical Information Service (NTIS) number when appropriate. In an effort to alleviate the problem of nonavailability of "gray" literature, indicate where copies may be obtained. Cite only materials that are publicly available. Authors should make special effort to obtain all the listed information for their citations, even when some is not given in the publication.
Kelley, David B.1994 The McLelland and Joe Clark Sites: Protohistoric-Historic Caddoan Farmsteads in Southern Bossier Parish, Louisiana. Coastal Environments, Inc., Baton Rouge. Copy on file at the Louisiana Division of Archaeology, Baton Rouge.
Jones, Kenneth R., Herschel A. Franks, Tristram R. Kidder, Jill-Karen Yakubik, and Benjamin Maygarden1993 Cultural Resources Survey of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet Dredged Material Disposal Areas, St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Cultural Resources Series Report No. COELMN/PD-93/08. Earth Search, Inc., New Orleans. Copy on file at the Louisiana Division of Archaeology, Baton Rouge.
Morse, Dan F., and Phyllis A. Morse
1980 Zebree Archeological Project. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District, Contract DACW 66-76-C-0006. Copy on file at the Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.
4.1.19 Dissertation or thesis.
If you consult a non-microfilm copy of a dissertation or thesis, use the following format:
Hally, David J.1972 The Plaquemine and Mississippian Occupations of the Upper Tensas Basin, Louisiana. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge.
If you consult a University Microfilms copy of a dissertation or thesis:
Jackson, H. Edwin1986 Sedentism and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Subsistence Strategies During the Poverty Point Period. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
Note: For a Master's thesis, use the designation "Master's thesis" in place of "Ph.D. dissertation." Be sure to indicate where the thesis or dissertation can be located.
4.1.20 An in-press manuscript (article or book).
These formats should only be used if a manuscript has been accepted for publication. Material submitted but not yet accepted for publication (i.e., still under consideration) should be referenced in manuscript form (see subsection 3.9.21). All use of in-press materials requires written permission of the author(s).
Kuttruff, Jenna T.1992 Mississippian Period Status Differentiation Through Textile Analysis: A Caddoan example. American Antiquity, in Press.
Note: Use this format when it is certain that the item will be published in the year cited.
Kosakowsky, L. J., and Duncan C. Pring1991 Ceramic Chronology and Typology. In Cuello: A Preclassic Maya Community in Belize, edited by N. Hammond. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, in press. Ms. 1988.
Note: Use this format to add information on the date of submission, e.g., "Ms. 1988" in the example above, particularly when there is a lag between the submission date and the anticipated publication date.
4.1.21 Unpublished manuscript.
All use of unpublished manuscripts requires written permission from the author(s), or in cased where materials are held by a repository, permission from the repository. Cite the year in which the manuscript was written. Never use "n.d." If a date is not available, give a best estimate (e.g., ca. 1962, ca. 1970s). All updates should be furnished as available (i.e., if an unpublished manuscript is acceptable for publication).
If you are referencing your own unpublished material, or a copy of someone else's unpublished material that is in your possession, give complete information about where a copy may be obtained, including, for example, university department name, university and city branch if more than one, and city and state names if they cannot be determined from university name. It is no longer acceptable to use the format "Ms. in possession of author."
Kent, Susan1992 The Organization of storage Areas: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Ms. on file, Anthropology Program, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia.
Brain, Jeffrey P., Ian W. Brown, and Vincas P. Steponaitis
1983 Archaeology of the Natchez Bluffs Region, Mississippi. Ms. on file, Center for Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.
If you are referencing materials such as field notes, reports, etc. that are on file in a repository, consider the following examples:
Ford, James A.1933 Field Notes for 1933 (typescript prepared for the National Research Council). Ms. on file, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge.
Dellinger, Samuel C.
1932 Original unpublished field notes from the Ozark Bluff shelters. Ms. on file, University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville.
Note: If the material is untitled, give it a brief description (write with sentence-style capitalization).
Kidder, Tristram R.1990 Procedures for Using Nikon DTM-420 for Topographic Surveying. Ms. on file, Center for Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans.
5.1.0 General Guidelines for citing Electronic Resources
5.1.1 Check with your instructor to determine if a specific style guide for citing electronic sources is required and available.
5.1.2. If no specific electronic-sources style sheet is recommended or required, use these general guidelines for citing these sources. Keep in mind the basic reason for citing a source is to permit the retrieval of the information cited. Because of the complex nature of electronic sources, a fundamental rule should be that the information must be as complete as possible.
5.1.3 A useful check to see if your citation will lead the reader to your source could involve reviewing the data and steps you have listed to determine if an interested individual following your citation information could successfully access your source if such information were still available at that site.
5.1.4 Another method of handling the problem of retrieving information from electronic sources might involve printing out a copy of material to be cited and including it with your research paper. This does not, of course, replace a citation of the material, but this step could be useful for material that might be altered or deleted before the citation can be verified or examined.
5.1.5 Because constant changes are being made to some forms of electronic material, it is important that the date you accessed the material becomes part of your citation. The date of publication/creation/updating/revision should also be included s part of the citation.
5.1.6 Information for the citation can usually be taken directly from the electronic source, but additional information is sometimes available on accompanying documentation, packaging, disk, or from the librarian, etc.
5.1.7 Because of the complex nature of finding information via electronic sources, citations will probably be much longer than citations for print media. However, it is important to include all of the necessary information to retrieve the citation without regard to the length of the data. MORE IS BETTER!
5.1.8 When citing an electronic source include the edition/version if provided.
5.1.9 Pointed brackets (<>) are being used to enclose some electronic addresses, such as URLs, which prevents confusion with other punctuation which may be used in the citation. A slash (/) may be used to separate elements when listing a reference path.
5.1.10 Since extra and missing spaces, errors in punctuation or in upper/lower case letters can cause problems with retrieval, extreme care should be taken to cite the electronic address/pathway precisely.
5.1.11 Unlike citations for more traditional sources, those for electronic resources list the publication and access dates on a day/month/year sequence. Example: 17 April 1997.
5.1.12 To clarify an electronic address/path, words such as via, available, linked from (Lkd.), published in, or accompanied by (for listing documentation) may be useful. If it is absolutely impossible to determine the source being used, a general term such as electronic or electronic source may be used.
5.1.13 Despite the differences between citing electronic resources and more traditional media such as books and magazines, certain conventions, abbreviations, etc. remain the same. For instance, institutions/organizations may be listed as author, the title of the Web page should be the first element in a citation when no author is given, titles for complete works should be italicized, titles of single works or sections/parts of a larger work should be enclosed in quotation marks, the abbreviation n.d. should not be used for no date. (A source always has a date&endash; often you have to look very hard for the date. If no date can be found, use the date of viewing as the Date). The abbreviation n.p. (no place, no publisher, no page) is usually used in electronic source citations to indicate no page, editors, translators, or compilers should be identified using the proper abbreviations. Use conventions and abbreviations established for traditional media sources if they do not conflict with the guidelines or citation models for electronic sources.
5.2.1 Bibliographic Entry for Electronic Resource.
This is a general guide for a bibliographic entry (References Cited) for an ELECTRONIC RESOURCE. Please note all of the guidelines above. For in-text citation of an electronic resource follow guidelines in section 2.1 above.
5.2.2 Author’s name (last name, first name, middle initial; web page name if no author specified)
Date (of creation if available, or of access, if creation date not available) Title (of web page or of section within web page). Title of Web Page (if citing only a section of web page)., Publisher/producer/institution (if available), Place (if available). <URL>, date of viewing (access) (even if same as Date).
Example:
The Discovery Programme
1997 North Munster Research Project. The Discovery Programme, The Discovery Programme, Dublin. <http://www.iol.ie/~discovry/>, 1 July 1999.
Hoopes, John W. (Compiler)
1999 Virtual Archaeology: Links to Online Resources. Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence. <http://www.ukans.edu/~hoopes/virtual.htm>, 29 June, 1999.
Stuart, David
1996 Hieroglyphs and History at Copan. Altar Q and Copán, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge. <http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/Copan/>. 1 July, 1999.
5.3.1 On-line Sources.
At the time of writing this guide, a standard had not yet emerged for referencing on-line information. As with any published reference, the goals of an electronic reference are to credit the author and to enable the reader to find the material. The researcher has immediate access to a wealth of information but must consider the reader's access to that material: Will the information be available to the reader even if the reader follows a given retrieval path, or sill the material soon be archived to tape and difficult to obtain? Is the information widely accessible or accessible only on a campus's local network? If print forms and electronic forms of the material are the same, a reference for the print form currently is preferred. (This preference may change, however, as technology progresses and electronic forms become more accessible to libraries and researches.) If electronic and print versions are not the same, and you researched the electronic form, what follows are some models for formatting the main elements. These forms are based on Li and Crane's (1993) Electronic Style: A Guide to Citing Electronic Information.
Electronic correspondence, such as E-mail messages and conversations via bulletin boards and electronic discussion groups, are cited as personal communication in the text (see section 2.1.16).
5.3.2 Elements of references to on-line information.
Last name, First name, I[nitial].
Date Title of article. Name of Periodical [on-line]: pages (if given). Specify path or <URL>. Date of viewing.
Last name, First name, I., First name I. Last name, First name I. Last name (etc.)
Date Title of chapter. In Title of full work [on-line], edited [compiled] by (if applicable), pp. Page numbers (if given). Specify path or <URL>. Date of viewing.
The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular revision, the most recent update; if a date cannot be determined, provide an exact date of your search.
An availability statement (Specify path or <URL>) replaces the location and name of a publisher typically provided for text references. Provide information sufficient to retrieve the material. For example, for material that is widely available on networks, specify the method used to find the material, such as the protocol (Telnet, FTP, Internet, etc.), the directory, and the file name:
Example:
Thompson, Jennifer L., and Alan Bilsborough
1998 Time for One of the Last Neanderthals. Mediterranean Prehistory Online[on-line]. <http://www.med.abaco-mac.it/articles/aol.htm#>. 1 July, 1999.
Craib, Donald F.
1998 Archaeopolitics. SAA Bulletin 16(5) [on-line]. <http://www.sscf.ucsb.edu/SAABulletin/16.5/SAA4.html>. 1July, 1999.
5.3.3 Other Electronic Media.
Louisiana Division of Archaeology
1999 Map of the Poverty Point Site [ppsite.tif on CD-ROM]. Louisiana Division of Archaeology, Baton Rouge.
Follow section 5.3.2 for format of author, date, and title elements.
After the title of the work, insert in brackets as part of the title element (i.e., before the period) the type of medium for the material (current examples include CD-ROM, electronic data tape, cartridge tape, and computer program).
Include the location and name of the producer and distributor if citing an entire bibliographic database.
5.3.4 Electronic data file or database.
Mississippi Department of Archives and History
1998 State Site Files [.dbs file on disc]. Mississippi Department of Archives and History, Jackson (Producer and Distributor).
Give as the authors the primary contributors (e.g., the designers of the survey or study).
Give as the date of publication the year copies of the data file or database was first made generally available.
Give the title, and, in brackets immediately after the title, identify the source as an electronic data file or database. Do not use a period between the title and the bracketed material. (If the work has no title, in brackets provide a complete description of content, including the year the data were collected.)
Give the location and name of the producer (the person or organization that encoded the data) and the location and name of the distributor (the person or organization from which copies of the file can be obtained). In parentheses immediately after the names, write Producer and Distributor, respectively.
5.3.5 Abstract on CD-ROM.
Author, I[nitial].
Date Title of Article [CD-ROM]. Title of Journal Vol (issue): xxx-xxx. Abstract from: Source and retrieval number.
5.3.6 Computer program, software, or programming language.
Golden Software
1997 Surfer for Windows Version 6.0 [Computer Program]. Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO.
National Geodetic Survey
1999 North American Datum Conversion NAD 27 to NAD 83 NADCON Program, Version 2.10 [Computer Program]. <ftp://ftp.ngs.noaa.gov/pub/pcsoft/nadcon/>. National Geodetic Survey, Washington, D.C.
Tripod Data Systems
1996 TDS-48GX Surveying Card User's Manual [Software Manual]. Tripod Data Systems, Corvallis, OR.
If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name him or her as the author; otherwise, use company or corporation as author.
In brackets immediately after the title, identify the source as a computer program, language, or software. Do not use a period between the title and the bracketed material.
Give the location and the name of the organization that produced the work in the publisher position.
Enclose any additional information necessary for identification and retrieval in parentheses at the end of the entry (e.g., version numbers if they are not part of the name of the software).
To reference a manual, give the same information. However, in the brackets after the title, identify the source as a computer program or software manual.
6.1 University Library Links
One of the best places to start is at the Howard Tilton Memorial Library. They have an excellent selection of virtual references that are accessible to university students, faculty, and staff. Check the sections at the bottom of the list marked "writing style" and "other reference sites."
6.2 On-line style references
There are several style guides available for assisting in using on-line references. One useful guide is the Columbia University Guide to Online style. Onother useful reference for citing electronic media is the APA Style for Electronic Resources (published by the American Psychological Association).
6.3 On-line style guides
University of Illinois Writer's Workshop (not a style guide but has useful tips and a grammar handbook)
OneLook Dictionaries (a general dictionary tool that claims 256663 words in 550 dictionaries).
Hypertext Webster's Dictionary (a Gateway service from UCSB)
Encyclopedia Britannica Online (includes Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary online)
6.5 Other useful sources
Slips and Barbarisms in Written English (a useful guide to common writing mistakes and mistaken usage)