Diversity of Life - Taxonomy
and Terms
-
These term lists will help you to
prepare for your EBIO 1010 lecture exams.
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Evolution
Terms
Origin of Life
- prebiotic evolution
- spontaneous generation
- Stanley Miller
- Miller/Urey experiment
- panspermia
Darwin and Mendel
- chain of being
- argument from design
- Linnaeus
- System of Hybridization
- Lamarck
- Theory of Organic Progression
- Charles Darwin
- H.M.S. Beagle
- Capt. Robert Fitzroy
- Origin of Species
- Thomas Malthus
- struggle for existence
- survival of the fittest
- natural selection
- Gregor Mendel
- blended heredity
- gemmules
- allele
- dominant allele
- recessive allele
- heterozygous
- homozygous
- mutation
- modern synthesis
- variation
- population
- evolution
- species
- speciation
- Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
- biological species concept
Variation
- homologous chromosome
- chromatid
- amino acid
- protein
- nucleotide
- DNA
- RNA
- codon
- mutation
- genetic recombination
- sexual recombination
- mitosis
- meiosis
- haploid
- diploid
- reduction division
- independent assortment
Population Genetics
- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- gene frequency
- population genetics
- gene flow
- immigration
- emigration
- inbreeding
- monogamy
- serial monogamy
- polygamy
- polygyny
- polyandry
- founder effect
- genetic drift
- isolating mechanism
- geographic isolating mechanism
- reproductive isolating mechanism
- temporal isolating mechanism.
- behavioral isolating mechanism
- mechanical isolating mechanism
- ecological isolating mechanism
- allopatric speciation
- sympatric speciation
- species
Microevolution and Macroevolution
- directional selection
- stabilizing selection
- disruptive selection
- industrial melanism
- microevolution
- macroevolution
- adaptation
- homologous structures
- analogous structures
- divergent evolution
- convergent evolution
- Six Kingdoms
- phylogeny
- taxon (-a)
- taxonomy
- cladism
- cladogram
- clade
- synapomorphy
- monophyletic
- paraphyletic
- polyphyletic
- three Domains
- domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Domain
Archaea
- archaeans
Domain Bacteria - bacteria
Domain Eukarya - everything
else (eukaryotic cells)
Kingdom Archaea - methanogens, halophilic
archaens, thermophilic archaeans
Kingdom Bacteria -
bacteria, cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria)
Terms
- motile
- bacillus
- coccus
- spirillum
- prokaryote cell
- eukaryote cell
- endosymbiosis
- autotroph
- heterotroph
- photosynthetic
- chemosynthetic
- herbivorous
- carnivorous
- omnivorous
- saprobe
- nitrogen fixation
- root nodules
- heterocyst
- stromatolites
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Kingdom Protista
Protozoa =
heterotrophic protists
Phylum Euglenozoa - (Euglena)
Phylum Dinoflagellata -
dinoflagellates (Ceratium,
Gonyaulax)
Phylum Apicomplexa - (Plasmodium
- malaria)
Phylum Ciliophora - (Paramecium,
Blepharisma)
Phylum Amoebozoa - (Amoeba)
Phylum Foraminifera -
foraminifera
Algae = autotrophic protists
Phylum Phaeophyta - brown
algae (Fucus, Sargassum, kelp)
Phylum Bacillariophyta -
diatoms
Phylum Rhodophyta - red
algae (Polysiphonia, Nemalion)
Terms
- algae
- protozoa
- diffusion
- phagocytosis
- pseudopodia
- carrageen
- diatomaceous earth
- red tide
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Kingdom Animalia
Born to be Wild (How to be
an Animal) - Terms
- radial symmetry
- bilateral symmetry
- sessile
- motile
- hermaphrodite
- internal fertilization
- external fertilization
- cephalization
- anterior/posterior
- dorsal/ventral
- desiccation
- endoskeleton
- exoskeleton
- ammonia
- urea
- uric acid
- nephridia
- surface area / volume ratio
- vascular system
- coelom
- Opisthokonta
- Phylum Choanoflagellata
- choanoflagellate
- zygote
- blastula
- blastocoel
- blastopore
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
- acoelomate
- pseudocoelomate
- coelomate
- protostome
- spiral cleavage
- determinate
- schizocoels
- deuterostome
- radial cleavage
- indeterminate
- enterocoels
- hydrostatic skeleton
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Parazoa - sponges
Subkingdom Eumetazoa - everything else
* Radiata - cnidarians
* Bilateria
-- Protostomia
- Spiralia
Platyzoa - flatworms, rotifers
Trochozoa - molluscs, annelids
- Ecdysozoa - nematodes, arthropods
-- Deuterostomia - echinoderms, chordates
Subkingdom Parazoa
Phylum Porifera -Sponges (Grantia,
Euplectella)
Terms
- colonial organism
- amoebocytes
- choanocyte (collar cell)
- spicules
- spongin
- choanoflagellate
- ostium (-ia)
- osculum
- spongocoel
- asconoid
- syconoid
- leuconoid
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Radiata
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa - Hydra, Obelia, Physalia
(Man
of
War)
Class Scyphozoa - true jellyfish (Aurelia)
Class Anthozoa - corals, sea anemones
Class Cubozoa - sea wasps
Terms
- mesoglea
- gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
- tentacles
- cnidocytes
- nematocysts
- dimorphic
- polyp
- medusa
- planula larva
- ephyra
- budding
- umbrella (bell)
- coral reef
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Platyzoa
Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Acoelomate Body Plan
Phylum Platyhelminthes -
flatworms
Class Turbellaria - flatworms (Planaria)
Class Monogenea - flukes
Class Trematoda - flukes (Chlonorchis, Schistosoma)
Class Cestoda - tapeworms (Taenia, Dipylidium)
Terms
- dorsoventral flattening
- triploblastic
- protonephridia
- flame cells
- pharynx
- circular muscles
- longitudinal muscles
- auricles
- eyespots
- statocyst
- scolex
- proglottids
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Platyzoa
Phylum Rotifera - Pseodocoelomate Body
Plan
Phylum Rotifera - Rotifers
(Philodina)
Terms
- corona
- mastax
- parthenogenesis
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Trochozoa
Phylum
Mollusca - Coelomate Body Plan
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia - mussels, clams, oysters, scallops
Class Gastropoda - snails, slugs, conch, whelk, limpet
Class Cephalopoda - squid, octopus, nautilus
Class Polyplacophora - chitons
Terms
- trochophore larva
- hemocoel
- mantle
- mantle cavity
- gills
- incurrent siphon
- excurrent siphon
- radula
- chitin
- visceral mass
- foot
- labial palps
- tentacles
- torsion
- open circulatory system
- nephridia
- operculum
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Spiralia
Trochozoa
Phylum
Annelida - Coelomate Body Plan
Phylum Annelida
Class Oligochaeta -earthworms (Lumbricus)
Class Polychaeta - tubeworms, paddleworms (Nereis)
Class Hirudinea - leeches
Terms
- segmentation
- segments
- metamerism
- setae
- septae
- nephridia
- parapodia
- clitellum
- cocoon
- detritivores
- coelom
- peritoneum
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Phylum Nematoda -
Pseudcoelomate Body Plan
Phylum Nematoda -
Roundworms (Ascaris, Tubatrix [vinegar eels])
- interstitial habitat
- copulatory hook
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Protostomia
Ecdysozoa
Phylum Arthropoda -
Coelomate Body Plan
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Merostomata - horseshoe crabs
Class Arachnida - spiders, scorpions,
ticks, mites
Order Scorpiones - scorpions
Order Arenae - spiders
Order Acari - ticks and mites
Order Opiliones - daddy longlegs
Subphylum Crustacea - crustaceans
Order Isopoda - pill bugs (roly-polys)
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda - centipedes
Class Diplopoda - millipedes
Subphylum
Hexapoda - insects
Class Insecta
Order Hymenoptera - ants, bees, wasps
Order Coleoptera - beetles
Order Lepidoptera - butterflies, moths
Order Diptera - flies, mosquitos
Order Odonata - dragonflies
Order Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets, roaches
Order Odonata - dragonflies
Order
Isoptera - termites
Terms
- jointed appendages
- cuticle
- chitin
- exoskeleton
- molt
- tagma
- tagmosis
- head
- thorax
- abdomen
- cephalothorax
- statocyst
- antennae
- simple eyes
- compound eyes
- gills
- sexual dimorphism
- chelicerae
- fangs
- pedipalps
- spinnerets
- webs
- book lungs
- Rocky Mt. Spotted Fever
- Lyme Disease
- biramous appendages
- uniramous appendages
- mandibles
- nauplius larvae
- detritus
- detritivores
- pheromones
- trachea
- spiracles
- malphigian tubules
- uric acid
- simple metamorphosis (hemimetabolous)
- complete metamorphosis (holometabolous)
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Phylum
Echinodermata - Coelomate Body Plan
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea - starfish
Class Echinoidea - sea urchins, sand dollars
Class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
Class Holothuridea - sea cucumber
Class Crinoidea - sea lilies
EchinoTerms
- endoskeleton
- spines
- tube feet
- ampullae
- madreporite
- ring canal
- radial canal
- mutable or “catch” connective tissue
- dermal gills
- pedicillaria
Subkingdom Eumetazoa -
Bilateria
Deuterostomia
Phylum Chordata -
Coelomate Body Plan
Phylum
Chaetognatha - arrow worms (Sagitta)
Phylum
Hemichordata - acorn worms
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata - tunicates
Subphylum Cephalochordata - lancelets (Amphioxus)
Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates
Superclass Pisces
Class Myxini -
hagfish
Class Cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys
Class
Chondrichthyes
- sharks, skates, rays
Class
Actinopterygii
– ray-finned bony fishes
Class
Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned bony fishes
Superclass
Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia- frogs, toads, salamanders
Class Reptilia - snakes, turtles, crocodilians
Class Aves - birds (dinosaurs)
Class Mammalia - placental (humans), marsupial
(kangaroo), monotremes (egg layers - platypus)
Terms
- notochord
- dorsal hollow nerve cord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- gills
- neoteny
- tetrodotoxin
- jaw
- vertebrae
- vertebral column
- backbone
- cartilage
- paired fins
- pelvic fin
- pectoral fin
- preadaptation
- lateral line
- denticles
- shagreen
- swim bladder
- bone (bony skeleton)
- bony jaws
- scales
- amniotic egg
- feathers
- endotherm
- milk
- nipple
- navel
- placental mammal
- marsupial
- monotreme
- hair
- keratin
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Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Chytridiomycota - chytrids -
Allomyces
Phylum Glomeromycota - mycorrhizae -
Glomus
Phylum Zygomycota - molds,
Rhizopus (bread mold)
Phylum Ascomycota - sac
fungi (yeasts, morels, truffles)
Phylum Basidiomycota -
club fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts)
orphan phyla:
Phylum
Acrasiomycota - cellular slime molds - (Dictyostelium)
Phylum
Myxomycota
- plasmodial slime molds - (Physarum)
Terms
- mycology
- heterotrophs
- parasites
- saprobes
- extracellular digestion
- hypha (-ae)
- mycelium (-ia)
- chitin
- multinucleate
- cytoplasmic streaming
- lignin
- symbiosis
- mutualism
- lichens
- mycorrhizae
- endomycorrhizae
- ectomycorrhizae
- crustose
- foliose
- fruticose
- sporangium (-ia)
- gametangium (-ia)
- conjugation
- mating strain
- spore
- monokaryotic
- dikaryotic
- conidiophore
- conidia
- slime mold
- plasmodium
- swarm cell
Phylum Chytridiomycota - chytrids -
Allomyces
- zoospore
- black wart disease
Phylum Glomeromycota - mycorrhizae
- Glomus
- mycorrhizae
- endomycorrhizae
- ectomycorrhizae
Phylum Zygomycota - bread molds, Rhizopus
- stolon
- rhizoid
- sporangiophore
- sporangium
- zygospore
Phylum Ascomycota - sac
fungi - yeasts, morels, truffles, ergot, Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Candida, athlete's foot
- ascus
- ascocarp
- ascospores
- budding
- conidiophore
- conidia
Phylum Basidiomycota -
club fungi - mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts, smuts, Coprinus
- basidium (-ia)
- basidiocarp
- basidiospores
- mushroom cap
- mushroom gills
- fairy ring
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Kingdom Plantae
Born to be Green
Terms
- waxy cuticle
- stomata
- root-shoot system
- lignin
- secondary metabolites
- secondary compounds
- diffusion
- vascular system
- tracheids
- vessels
- tracheophytes
- alternation of generations
- gametophyte
- sporophyte
- sporangium (-ia)
- spore
- sporopollenin
- homosporous
- heterosporous
- sporophylls
- strobilus (-i)
- gametangium (-ia)
- antheridium (-ia)
- archegonium (-ia)
- colonial organism
- daughter colonies
Kingdom Plantae (=Viridiplantae)
Phylum Chlorophyta - green algae (Chara, Chlamydomonas,
Spirogyra, Volvox)
Bryophytes
(no
vascular
tissue)
Phylum Bryophyta - mosses (Mnium,
Sphagnum)
Phylum Hepaticophyta -
liverworts (Marchantia, Porella)
Phylum Anthocerophyta (or Anthocerotophyta)-
hornworts (Anthoceros)
Terms
- bryophytes
- rhizoids
- cushiony moss
- feathery moss
- capsule
- operculum
- protonema
- gemmae
- peat bog
- Doctrine of Signatures
- elaters
- gemmae cup
Tracheophytes (vascular
tissue, no seeds)
Ferns and Fern Allies
Phylum Lycophyta - club
moss, quillworts (Lycopodium, Selaginella)
Phylum Sphenophyta (or Arthrophyta)
- horsetails (Equisetum)
Phylum Psilophyta - whisk
fern (Psilotum)
Phylum Pterophyta - true
ferns (Pteris, Polypodium, Polytrichum)
Terms
- homosporous
- heterosporous
- rhizomes
- sporophylls
- strobilus (-i)
- sorus (-i)
- indusium (-ia)
- prothallus (-i)
- fiddlehead
Tracheophytes (vascular
tissue, seed plants)
Gymnosperms
Phylum Gnetophyta - Ephedra,
Gnetum, Welwitschia
Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads
(Cycas revoluta)
Phylum Ginkgophyta -
Ginkgo bilboa
Phylum Coniferophyta -
conifers (pines, firs, spruces, bald cypress; Pinus)
Terms
- staminate cones
- ovulate cones
- sporophylls
- strobilus
- heterosporous
- ovules
- integument
- seed coat
- seeds
- megasporangium
- megaspore mother cell
- megaspore
- seed cones
- microsporangium
- microspore mother cell
- microspore
- pollen grains
- pollen tube
- pollen cones
- tracheids
- needles
Tracheophytes (vascular
tissue, seed plants)
Angiosperms
Phylum Anthophyta -
flowering plants
Class
Monocotyledonae - monocots (Zea, Lilium)
Class
Dicotyledonae - dicots (Helianthus, Tilia)
Terms
- vessels
- wind pollination
- animal pollination
- fruit dispersal
- coevolution
- perennial
- annual
- flower
- sepals
- petals
- stamen
- anther
- filament
- carpel
- pistil
- stigma
- style
- foliar theory of the carpel
- ovary
- ovary wall (pericarp)
- ovule
- seed
- seed coat
- fruit
- heterosporous
- megasporangium
- megaspore mother cell
- megaspore
- embryo sac
- micropyle
- microsporangium
- microspore mother cell
- microspore
- pollen grains
- pollen sac
- sporopollenin
- tube nucleus
- sperm nucleus
- pollen tube
- double fertilization
- endosperm
NOTE: You are only
responsible for the following terms if the "Plant Structure"
lecture appears in the syllabus
Plant Structure
Plant Anatomy and
Development
- lignin
- meristem
- parenchyma
- phloem
- xylem
- tracheids
- vessels
- epidermal tissue
- ground tissue
- vascular tissue
- vascular bundles
Stems
- primary growth
- apical meristem
- secondary growth
- lateral meristem
- terminal bud
- axillary bud
- node
- internode
- cortex
- pith
- annual ring (tree rings)
Roots
- primary root
- secondary root (lateral)
- root hairs
- cortex
- stele
- endodermis
- Casparian strip
- root cap
- tap root
- fibrous root
Leaves
- stoma (stomata)
- petiole
- blade
- midrib
- stipule
NOTE: You are only responsible for the
following terms if the "Seeds and Fruits" lecture appears in
the syllabus
Angiosperms - Seeds and Fruits
- pericarp
- endocarp
- mesocarp
- exocarp
- simple dry fruit (know ex. of all fruit types)
- simple fleshy fruit
- compound fruit
- multiple fruit
- accessory fruit
- aggregate fruit
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Ecology Terms
Ecosystems
and
Energy
- ecosystem
- biological community
- community structure
- food chain
- food web
- pyramid of numbers (Elton)
- pyramid of energy (Lindeman)
- trophic level
- producers
- consumers
- herbivore
- carnivore
- gross primary production (GPP)
- net primary production (NPP)
- secondary carnivore
- endothermic
- ectothermic
- predator-prey ratio
- collection bias
Competition
- balance of nature
- extrinsic limiting factors
- intrinsic limiting factors
- biotic limiting factors
- abiotic limiting factors
- density-dependent lim. factor
- density-independent lim. factor
- non-equilibrium theory
- disturbance
- competition
- intraspecific competition
- interspecific competition
- niche
- niche overlap
- habitat
- fundamental niche
- realized niche
- competitive exclusion
- coexistence
- mixed-species foraging flock
- resource partitioning
- character displacement
- scramble competition (exploitation)
- contest competition (interference)
- territory
- territoriality
- floaters
Predation
- predator
- prey
- true predator
- parasitoid
- carnivore
- herbivore
- active pursuit
- solo pursuit
- pack pursuit
- ambush predator
- warning coloration
- coevolution
- predator/prey cycles
- keystone predators
Behavioral
Ecology
- behavioral ecology
- megachiropterans
- microchiropterans
- echolocation
- sexual selection
- male-male competition
- female choice
- good genes model (Borgia)
- handicap model (Zahavi)
- aesthetic preference model (Darwin)
- runaway selection (Fisher)
- dominance heirarchy
- pecking order
- courtship display
- repertoire
- tidbitting
- leks
- bowerbirds
- bowers
- polygynous
- practice bower
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This page was last updated on 10/28/09